chore(deps): bump actions/setup-go from 5.0.1 to 5.0.2 (#3027)

Bumps [actions/setup-go](https://github.com/actions/setup-go) from 5.0.1 to 5.0.2.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/setup-go/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/setup-go/compare/cdcb36043654635271a94b9a6d1392de5bb323a7...0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/setup-go
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

.binny.yaml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ tools:
   # we want to use a pinned version of binny to manage the toolchain (so binny manages itself!)
   - name: binny
     version:
-      want: v0.7.0
+      want: v0.8.0
     method: github-release
     with:
       repo: anchore/binny
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ tools:
   # used for linting
   - name: golangci-lint
     version:
-      want: v1.59.0
+      want: v1.59.1
     method: github-release
     with:
       repo: golangci/golangci-lint
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ tools:
   # used to release all artifacts
   - name: goreleaser
     version:
-      want: v1.26.2
+      want: v2.0.1
     method: github-release
     with:
       repo: goreleaser/goreleaser
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ tools:
   # used for running all local and CI tasks
   - name: task
     version:
-      want: v3.37.2
+      want: v3.38.0
     method: github-release
     with:
       repo: go-task/task
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ tools:
   # used for triggering a release
   - name: gh
     version:
-      want: v2.49.2
+      want: v2.52.0
     method: github-release
     with:
       repo: cli/cli

.github/actions/bootstrap/action.yaml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ inputs:
   go-version:
     description: "Go version to install"
     required: true
-    default: "1.21.x"
+    default: "1.22.x"
   go-dependencies:
     description: "Download go dependencies"
     required: true
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ runs:
   using: "composite"
   steps:
     # note: go mod and build is automatically cached on default with v4+
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@cdcb36043654635271a94b9a6d1392de5bb323a7 #v5.0.1
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@cdcb36043654635271a94b9a6d1392de5bb323a7 # v5.0.1
       if: inputs.go-version != ''
       with:
         go-version: ${{ inputs.go-version }}
 
     - name: Restore tool cache
       id: tool-cache
-      uses: actions/cache@704facf57e6136b1bc63b828d79edcd491f0ee84 #v3.3.2
+      uses: actions/cache@704facf57e6136b1bc63b828d79edcd491f0ee84 # v3.3.2
       with:
         path: ${{ github.workspace }}/.tool
         key: ${{ inputs.cache-key-prefix }}-${{ runner.os }}-tool-${{ hashFiles('.binny.yaml') }}

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -17,3 +17,11 @@ updates:
     open-pull-requests-limit: 10
     labels:
       - "dependencies"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/.github/actions/boostrap"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 10
+    labels:
+      - "dependencies"

.github/workflows/benchmark-testing.yaml

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
     # the job by event.
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 # v4.1.6
+        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 # v4.1.7
 
       - name: Bootstrap environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/bootstrap
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
           OUTPUT="${OUTPUT//$'\r'/'%0D'}" # URL encode all '\r' characters
           echo "result=$OUTPUT" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@65462800fd760344b1a7b4382951275a0abb4808 # v4.3.3
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@0b2256b8c012f0828dc542b3febcab082c67f72b # v4.3.4
         with:
           name: benchmark-test-results
           path: test/results/**/*

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -36,16 +36,16 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
     - name: Install Go
-      uses: actions/setup-go@cdcb36043654635271a94b9a6d1392de5bb323a7 #v5.0.1
+      uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 #v5.0.2
       with:
         go-version-file: go.mod
 
     # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
     - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@9fdb3e49720b44c48891d036bb502feb25684276 #v3.25.6
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@b611370bb5703a7efb587f9d136a52ea24c5c38c #v3.25.11
       with:
         languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
         # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ jobs:
     # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
     # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
     - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@9fdb3e49720b44c48891d036bb502feb25684276 #v3.25.6
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@b611370bb5703a7efb587f9d136a52ea24c5c38c #v3.25.11
 
     # ℹ️ Command-line programs to run using the OS shell.
     # 📚 https://git.io/JvXDl
@@ -70,4 +70,4 @@ jobs:
     #   make release
 
     - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@9fdb3e49720b44c48891d036bb502feb25684276 #v3.25.6
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@b611370bb5703a7efb587f9d136a52ea24c5c38c #v3.25.11

.github/workflows/detect-schema-changes.yaml

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
       - run: python .github/scripts/labeler.py
         env:

.github/workflows/release-version-file.yaml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
   release:
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
       - name: Update version file
         run: make ci-release-version-file

.github/workflows/release.yaml

@@ -15,7 +15,15 @@ jobs:
     environment: release
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
+
+      - name: Check if running on main
+        if: github.ref != 'refs/heads/main'
+        # we are using the following flag when running `cosign blob-verify` for checksum signature verification:
+        #   --certificate-identity-regexp "https://github.com/anchore/.github/workflows/release.yaml@refs/heads/main"
+        # if we are not on the main branch, the signature will not be verifiable since the suffix requires the main branch
+        # at the time of when the OIDC token was issued on the Github Actions runner.
+        run: echo "This can only be run on the main branch otherwise releases produced will not be verifiable with cosign" && exit 1
 
       - name: Check if tag already exists
         # note: this will fail if the tag already exists
@@ -97,7 +105,7 @@ jobs:
       # required for goreleaser signs section with cosign
       id-token: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 

.github/workflows/update-bootstrap-tools.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.repository == 'anchore/syft' # only run for main repo
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
       - name: Bootstrap environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/bootstrap
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:
           app_id: ${{ secrets.TOKEN_APP_ID }}
           private_key: ${{ secrets.TOKEN_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
 
-      - uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@6d6857d36972b65feb161a90e484f2984215f83e #v6.0.5
+      - uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@c5a7806660adbe173f04e3e038b0ccdcd758773c #v6.1.0
         with:
           signoff: true
           delete-branch: true

.github/workflows/update-cpe-dictionary-index.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.repository == 'anchore/syft' # only run for main repo
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
       - name: Bootstrap environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/bootstrap
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
           app_id: ${{ secrets.TOKEN_APP_ID }}
           private_key: ${{ secrets.TOKEN_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
 
-      - uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@6d6857d36972b65feb161a90e484f2984215f83e #v6.0.5
+      - uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@c5a7806660adbe173f04e3e038b0ccdcd758773c #v6.1.0
         with:
           signoff: true
           delete-branch: true

.github/workflows/update-stereoscope-release.yml

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.repository == 'anchore/syft' # only run for main repo
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@cdcb36043654635271a94b9a6d1392de5bb323a7 #v5.0.1
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 #v5.0.2
         with:
           go-version: ${{ env.GO_VERSION }}
           stable: ${{ env.GO_STABLE_VERSION }}
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jobs:
           app_id: ${{ secrets.TOKEN_APP_ID }}
           private_key: ${{ secrets.TOKEN_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
 
-      - uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@6d6857d36972b65feb161a90e484f2984215f83e #v6.0.5
+      - uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@c5a7806660adbe173f04e3e038b0ccdcd758773c #v6.1.0
         with:
           signoff: true
           delete-branch: true

.github/workflows/validations.yaml

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
     name: "Static analysis"
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
       - name: Bootstrap environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/bootstrap
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
     name: "Unit tests"
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
       - name: Bootstrap environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/bootstrap
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ jobs:
     name: "Integration tests"
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
       - name: Bootstrap environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/bootstrap
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ jobs:
     name: "Build snapshot artifacts"
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
       - name: Bootstrap environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/bootstrap
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ jobs:
     needs: [Build-Snapshot-Artifacts]
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
       - name: Bootstrap environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/bootstrap
@@ -187,7 +187,10 @@ jobs:
     needs: [Build-Snapshot-Artifacts]
     runs-on: macos-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - name: Install Cosign
+        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@v3.5.0
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
       - name: Bootstrap environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/bootstrap
@@ -231,7 +234,7 @@ jobs:
     needs: [Build-Snapshot-Artifacts]
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 #v4.1.6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 #v4.1.7
 
       - name: Bootstrap environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/bootstrap

.goreleaser.yaml

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+version: 2
+
 release:
   prerelease: auto
   draft: false
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ nfpms:
       - deb
 
 brews:
-  - tap:
+  - repository:
       owner: anchore
       name: homebrew-syft
       token: "{{.Env.GITHUB_BREW_TOKEN}}"

README.md

@@ -40,11 +40,10 @@ Syft binaries are provided for Linux, macOS and Windows.
 > curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/anchore/syft/main/install.sh | sh -s -- -b /usr/local/bin
 > ```
 
-... or, you can specify a release version and destination directory for the installation:
-
-> ```bash
-> curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/anchore/syft/main/install.sh | sh -s -- -b <DESTINATION_DIR> <RELEASE_VERSION>
-> ```
+Install script options:
+-	`-b`: Specify a custom installation directory (defaults to `./bin`)
+-	`-d`: More verbose logging levels (`-d` for debug, `-dd` for trace)
+-	`-v`: Verify the signature of the downloaded artifact before installation (requires [`cosign`](https://github.com/sigstore/cosign) to be installed)
 
 ### Homebrew
 ```bash
@@ -106,8 +105,10 @@ syft <image> -o <format>
 Where the `formats` available are:
 - `syft-json`: Use this to get as much information out of Syft as possible!
 - `syft-text`: A row-oriented, human-and-machine-friendly output.
-- `cyclonedx-xml`: A XML report conforming to the [CycloneDX 1.4 specification](https://cyclonedx.org/specification/overview/).
-- `cyclonedx-json`: A JSON report conforming to the [CycloneDX 1.4 specification](https://cyclonedx.org/specification/overview/).
+- `cyclonedx-xml`: A XML report conforming to the [CycloneDX 1.6 specification](https://cyclonedx.org/specification/overview/).
+- `cyclonedx-xml@1.5`: A XML report conforming to the [CycloneDX 1.5 specification](https://cyclonedx.org/specification/overview/).
+- `cyclonedx-json`: A JSON report conforming to the [CycloneDX 1.6 specification](https://cyclonedx.org/specification/overview/).
+- `cyclonedx-json@1.5`: A JSON report conforming to the [CycloneDX 1.5 specification](https://cyclonedx.org/specification/overview/).
 - `spdx-tag-value`: A tag-value formatted report conforming to the [SPDX 2.3 specification](https://spdx.github.io/spdx-spec/v2.3/).
 - `spdx-tag-value@2.2`: A tag-value formatted report conforming to the [SPDX 2.2 specification](https://spdx.github.io/spdx-spec/v2.2.2/).
 - `spdx-json`: A JSON report conforming to the [SPDX 2.3 JSON Schema](https://github.com/spdx/spdx-spec/blob/v2.3/schemas/spdx-schema.json).
@@ -116,6 +117,8 @@ Where the `formats` available are:
 - `syft-table`: A columnar summary (default).
 - `template`: Lets the user specify the output format. See ["Using templates"](#using-templates) below.
 
+Note that flags using the @<version> can be used for earlier versions of each specification as well.
+
 ### Supported Ecosystems
 
 - Alpine (apk)

cmd/syft/internal/commands/attest.go

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ type attestOptions struct {
 	options.UpdateCheck `yaml:",inline" mapstructure:",squash"`
 	options.Catalog     `yaml:",inline" mapstructure:",squash"`
 	Attest              options.Attest `yaml:"attest" mapstructure:"attest"`
+	Cache               options.Cache  `json:"-" yaml:"cache" mapstructure:"cache"`
 }
 
 func Attest(app clio.Application) *cobra.Command {
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ func defaultAttestOptions() attestOptions {
 		Output:      defaultAttestOutputOptions(),
 		UpdateCheck: options.DefaultUpdateCheck(),
 		Catalog:     options.DefaultCatalog(),
+		Cache:       options.DefaultCache(),
 	}
 }
 

cmd/syft/internal/commands/scan.go

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ type scanOptions struct {
 	options.Output      `yaml:",inline" mapstructure:",squash"`
 	options.UpdateCheck `yaml:",inline" mapstructure:",squash"`
 	options.Catalog     `yaml:",inline" mapstructure:",squash"`
+	Cache               options.Cache `json:"-" yaml:"cache" mapstructure:"cache"`
 }
 
 func defaultScanOptions() *scanOptions {
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ func defaultScanOptions() *scanOptions {
 		Output:      options.DefaultOutput(),
 		UpdateCheck: options.DefaultUpdateCheck(),
 		Catalog:     options.DefaultCatalog(),
+		Cache:       options.DefaultCache(),
 	}
 }
 

cmd/syft/internal/options/cache.go

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package options
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/adrg/xdg"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/clio"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/cache"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/log"
+)
+
+// Cache provides configuration for the Syft caching behavior
+type Cache struct {
+	Dir string `yaml:"dir" mapstructure:"dir"`
+	TTL string `yaml:"ttl" mapstructure:"ttl"`
+}
+
+func (c *Cache) DescribeFields(descriptions clio.FieldDescriptionSet) {
+	descriptions.Add(&c.Dir, "root directory to cache any downloaded content; empty string will use an in-memory cache")
+	descriptions.Add(&c.TTL, "time to live for cached data; setting this to 0 will disable caching entirely")
+}
+
+func (c *Cache) PostLoad() error {
+	ttl, err := parseDuration(c.TTL)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("unable to parse duration '%v', using default (%s) due to: %v", c.TTL, durationToString(defaultTTL()), err)
+		ttl = defaultTTL()
+	}
+	// if TTL is <= 0, disable caching entirely
+	if ttl <= 0 {
+		cache.SetManager(nil)
+		return nil
+	}
+	// if dir == "" but we have a TTL, use an in-memory cache
+	if c.Dir == "" {
+		cache.SetManager(cache.NewInMemory(ttl))
+		return nil
+	}
+	dir, err := homedir.Expand(c.Dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("unable to expand cache directory %s: %v", c.Dir, err)
+		cache.SetManager(cache.NewInMemory(ttl))
+	} else {
+		m, err := cache.NewFromDir(dir, ttl)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("unable to get filesystem cache at %s: %v", c.Dir, err)
+			cache.SetManager(cache.NewInMemory(ttl))
+		} else {
+			cache.SetManager(m)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var _ interface {
+	clio.PostLoader
+	clio.FieldDescriber
+} = (*Cache)(nil)
+
+func DefaultCache() Cache {
+	return Cache{
+		Dir: defaultDir(),
+		TTL: durationToString(defaultTTL()),
+	}
+}
+
+func defaultTTL() time.Duration {
+	return 7 * 24 * time.Hour
+}
+
+func defaultDir() string {
+	var err error
+	cacheRoot := xdg.CacheHome
+	if cacheRoot == "" {
+		cacheRoot, err = homedir.Dir()
+		if err != nil {
+			cacheRoot = os.TempDir()
+			log.Debugf("unable to get stable cache directory due to: %v, defaulting cache to temp dir: %s", err, cacheRoot)
+		} else {
+			cacheRoot = filepath.Join(cacheRoot, ".cache")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return filepath.Join(cacheRoot, "syft")
+}
+
+func durationToString(duration time.Duration) string {
+	days := int64(duration / (24 * time.Hour))
+	remain := duration % (24 * time.Hour)
+	out := ""
+	if days > 0 {
+		out = fmt.Sprintf("%vd", days)
+	}
+	if remain != 0 {
+		out += remain.String()
+	}
+	if out == "" {
+		return "0"
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func parseDuration(duration string) (time.Duration, error) {
+	whitespace := regexp.MustCompile(`\s+`)
+	duration = strings.ToLower(whitespace.ReplaceAllString(duration, ""))
+	parts := strings.SplitN(duration, "d", 2)
+	var days time.Duration
+	var remain time.Duration
+	var err error
+	if len(parts) > 1 {
+		numDays, daysErr := strconv.Atoi(parts[0])
+		if daysErr != nil {
+			return 0, daysErr
+		}
+		days = time.Duration(numDays) * 24 * time.Hour
+		if len(parts[1]) > 0 {
+			remain, err = time.ParseDuration(parts[1])
+		}
+	} else {
+		remain, err = time.ParseDuration(duration)
+	}
+	return days + remain, err
+}

cmd/syft/internal/options/cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+package options
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/adrg/xdg"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/cache"
+)
+
+func Test_defaultDir(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpDir := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "cache-temp")
+	xdgCacheDir := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "fake-xdg-cache")
+	homeDir := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "fake-home")
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		env      map[string]string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "no-xdg",
+			env: map[string]string{
+				"HOME": homeDir,
+			},
+			expected: homeDir,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "xdg-cache",
+			env: map[string]string{
+				"XDG_CACHE_HOME": xdgCacheDir,
+			},
+			expected: xdgCacheDir,
+		},
+	}
+
+	// capture all the initial environment variables to reset them before we reset library caches
+	env := map[string]string{
+		"HOME":            "",
+		"XDG_DATA_HOME":   "",
+		"XDG_DATA_DIRS":   "",
+		"XDG_CONFIG_HOME": "",
+		"XDG_CONFIG_DIRS": "",
+		"XDG_STATE_HOME":  "",
+		"XDG_CACHE_HOME":  "",
+		"XDG_RUNTIME_DIR": "",
+	}
+	for k := range env {
+		env[k] = os.Getenv(k)
+	}
+
+	unsetEnv := func(t *testing.T) {
+		for k := range env {
+			t.Setenv(k, "")
+		}
+	}
+
+	resetEnv := func() {
+		for k, v := range env {
+			if v == "" {
+				_ = os.Unsetenv(k)
+			} else {
+				_ = os.Setenv(k, v)
+			}
+		}
+		homedir.Reset()
+		xdg.Reload()
+	}
+
+	t.Cleanup(resetEnv)
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			defer resetEnv()
+
+			unsetEnv(t)
+			for k, v := range test.env {
+				t.Setenv(k, v)
+			}
+			homedir.Reset()
+			xdg.Reload()
+
+			got := defaultDir()
+
+			require.True(t, strings.HasPrefix(got, test.expected))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_cacheOptions(t *testing.T) {
+	tmp := t.TempDir()
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		opts Cache
+		test func(t *testing.T)
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "disable-1",
+			opts: Cache{
+				Dir: "some-dir",
+				TTL: "0",
+			},
+			test: func(t *testing.T) {
+				c := cache.GetManager().GetCache("test-disable-1", "v-disable-1")
+				err := c.Write("key-disable-1", strings.NewReader("some-value-disable-1"))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				rdr, err := c.Read("key-disable-1")
+				require.Nil(t, rdr)
+				require.Error(t, err)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "disable-2",
+			opts: Cache{
+				Dir: "some-dir",
+				TTL: "0s",
+			},
+			test: func(t *testing.T) {
+				c := cache.GetManager().GetCache("test-disable-2", "v-disable-2")
+				err := c.Write("key-disable-2", strings.NewReader("some-value-disable-2"))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				rdr, err := c.Read("key-disable-2")
+				require.Nil(t, rdr)
+				require.Error(t, err)
+			},
+		},
+
+		{
+			name: "disable-3",
+			opts: Cache{
+				Dir: "some-dir",
+				TTL: "0d",
+			},
+			test: func(t *testing.T) {
+				c := cache.GetManager().GetCache("test-disable-3", "v-disable-3")
+				err := c.Write("key-disable-3", strings.NewReader("some-value-disable-3"))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				rdr, err := c.Read("key-disable-3")
+				require.Nil(t, rdr)
+				require.Error(t, err)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "in-memory",
+			opts: Cache{
+				Dir: "",
+				TTL: "10m",
+			},
+			test: func(t *testing.T) {
+				c := cache.GetManager().GetCache("test-mem", "v-mem")
+				err := c.Write("key-mem", strings.NewReader("some-value-mem"))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				rdr, err := c.Read("key-mem")
+				require.NotNil(t, rdr)
+				defer internal.CloseAndLogError(rdr, "")
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				data, err := io.ReadAll(rdr)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				require.Equal(t, "some-value-mem", string(data))
+				require.NoDirExists(t, filepath.Join("test-mem", "v-mem"))
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "on disk",
+			opts: Cache{
+				Dir: tmp,
+				TTL: "10m",
+			},
+			test: func(t *testing.T) {
+				c := cache.GetManager().GetCache("test-disk", "v-disk")
+				err := c.Write("key-disk", strings.NewReader("some-value-disk"))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				rdr, err := c.Read("key-disk")
+				require.NotNil(t, rdr)
+				defer internal.CloseAndLogError(rdr, "")
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				data, err := io.ReadAll(rdr)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				require.Equal(t, "some-value-disk", string(data))
+				require.DirExists(t, filepath.Join(tmp, "test-disk", "v-disk"))
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			original := cache.GetManager()
+			defer cache.SetManager(original)
+
+			err := test.opts.PostLoad()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			test.test(t)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_parseDuration(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		duration string
+		expect   time.Duration
+		err      require.ErrorAssertionFunc
+	}{
+		{
+			duration: "0d",
+			expect:   0,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "0m",
+			expect:   0,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "0s",
+			expect:   0,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "0",
+			expect:   0,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "1d",
+			expect:   24 * time.Hour,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "7d",
+			expect:   7 * 24 * time.Hour,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "365D",
+			expect:   365 * 24 * time.Hour,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "7d1h1m1s",
+			expect:   7*24*time.Hour + time.Hour + time.Minute + time.Second,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "7d  1h 1m 1s",
+			expect:   7*24*time.Hour + time.Hour + time.Minute + time.Second,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "2h",
+			expect:   2 * time.Hour,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "2h5m",
+			expect:   2*time.Hour + 5*time.Minute,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "2h 5m",
+			expect:   2*time.Hour + 5*time.Minute,
+		},
+		{
+			duration: "d24h",
+			err:      require.Error,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.duration, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := parseDuration(test.duration)
+			if test.err != nil {
+				test.err(t, err)
+				return
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+			require.Equal(t, test.expect, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_durationToString(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		duration time.Duration
+		expect   string
+		err      require.ErrorAssertionFunc
+	}{
+		{
+			expect:   "1d",
+			duration: 24 * time.Hour,
+		},
+		{
+			expect:   "7d",
+			duration: 7 * 24 * time.Hour,
+		},
+		{
+			expect:   "7d1h1m1s",
+			duration: 7*24*time.Hour + time.Hour + time.Minute + time.Second,
+		},
+		{
+			expect:   "2h0m0s",
+			duration: 2 * time.Hour,
+		},
+		{
+			expect:   "2h5m0s",
+			duration: 2*time.Hour + 5*time.Minute,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.expect, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := durationToString(test.duration)
+			require.Equal(t, test.expect, got)
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/syft/internal/test/integration/mariner_distroless_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ import (
 func TestMarinerDistroless(t *testing.T) {
 	sbom, _ := catalogFixtureImage(t, "image-mariner-distroless", source.SquashedScope)
 
-	expectedPkgs := 12
+	// 12 RPMs + 2 binaries with ELF package notes claiming to be RPMs
+	expectedPkgs := 14
 	actualPkgs := 0
 	for range sbom.Artifacts.Packages.Enumerate(pkg.RpmPkg) {
 		actualPkgs += 1

go.mod

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 module github.com/anchore/syft
 
-go 1.21.0
+go 1.22.0
 
 require (
-	github.com/CycloneDX/cyclonedx-go v0.8.0
+	github.com/CycloneDX/cyclonedx-go v0.9.0
 	github.com/Masterminds/semver v1.5.0
 	github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.2.3
 	github.com/acarl005/stripansi v0.0.0-20180116102854-5a71ef0e047d
@@ -17,29 +17,29 @@ require (
 	github.com/anchore/go-testutils v0.0.0-20200925183923-d5f45b0d3c04
 	github.com/anchore/go-version v1.2.2-0.20200701162849-18adb9c92b9b
 	github.com/anchore/packageurl-go v0.1.1-0.20240507183024-848e011fc24f
-	github.com/anchore/stereoscope v0.0.3-0.20240501181043-2e9894674185
+	github.com/anchore/stereoscope v0.0.3-0.20240705165118-e46739e21796
 	github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20200514113438-38f4b401e2be
 	// we are hinting brotli to latest due to warning when installing archiver v3:
 	// go: warning: github.com/andybalholm/brotli@v1.0.1: retracted by module author: occasional panics and data corruption
 	github.com/aquasecurity/go-pep440-version v0.0.0-20210121094942-22b2f8951d46
 	github.com/bmatcuk/doublestar/v4 v4.6.1
 	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles v0.18.0
-	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea v0.26.3
-	github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss v0.11.0
+	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea v0.26.6
+	github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss v0.11.1
 	github.com/dave/jennifer v1.7.0
 	github.com/deitch/magic v0.0.0-20230404182410-1ff89d7342da
 	github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0
-	github.com/docker/docker v26.1.3+incompatible
+	github.com/docker/docker v27.0.3+incompatible
 	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1
 	github.com/elliotchance/phpserialize v1.4.0
 	github.com/facebookincubator/nvdtools v0.1.5
-	github.com/github/go-spdx/v2 v2.2.0
+	github.com/github/go-spdx/v2 v2.3.1
 	github.com/gkampitakis/go-snaps v0.5.4
 	github.com/go-git/go-billy/v5 v5.5.0
 	github.com/go-git/go-git/v5 v5.12.0
-	github.com/go-test/deep v1.1.0
+	github.com/go-test/deep v1.1.1
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0
-	github.com/google/go-containerregistry v0.19.1
+	github.com/google/go-containerregistry v0.20.0
 	github.com/google/licensecheck v0.3.1
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
 	github.com/gookit/color v1.5.4
@@ -60,33 +60,37 @@ require (
 	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.9.5
 	github.com/quasilyte/go-ruleguard/dsl v0.3.22
-	github.com/saferwall/pe v1.5.3
+	github.com/saferwall/pe v1.5.4
 	github.com/saintfish/chardet v0.0.0-20230101081208-5e3ef4b5456d
 	github.com/sanity-io/litter v1.5.5
 	github.com/sassoftware/go-rpmutils v0.4.0
 	// pinned to pull in 386 arch fix: https://github.com/scylladb/go-set/commit/cc7b2070d91ebf40d233207b633e28f5bd8f03a5
 	github.com/scylladb/go-set v1.0.3-0.20200225121959-cc7b2070d91e
 	github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.3.2-0.20230802210424-5b0b94c5c0d3
-	github.com/spdx/tools-golang v0.5.4
+	github.com/spdx/tools-golang v0.5.5
 	github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0
-	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.0
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.1
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
-	github.com/vbatts/go-mtree v0.5.3
+	github.com/vbatts/go-mtree v0.5.4
 	github.com/vifraa/gopom v1.0.0
 	github.com/wagoodman/go-partybus v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651
 	github.com/wagoodman/go-progress v0.0.0-20230925121702-07e42b3cdba0
 	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.2.0
 	github.com/zyedidia/generic v1.2.2-0.20230320175451-4410d2372cb1
 	go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0
-	golang.org/x/net v0.25.0
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.19.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.27.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
-	modernc.org/sqlite v1.29.10
+	modernc.org/sqlite v1.30.1
 )
 
 require google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20231106174013-bbf56f31fb17 // indirect
 
-require github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.7
+require (
+	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.4.0
+	github.com/adrg/xdg v0.5.0
+	github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.7
+)
 
 require (
 	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.0 // indirect
@@ -98,7 +102,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.11.4 // indirect
 	github.com/ProtonMail/go-crypto v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/adrg/xdg v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/anchore/go-struct-converter v0.0.0-20221118182256-c68fdcfa2092 // indirect
 	github.com/andybalholm/brotli v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/aquasecurity/go-version v0.0.0-20210121072130-637058cfe492 // indirect
@@ -106,7 +109,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/aymanbagabas/go-osc52/v2 v2.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/becheran/wildmatch-go v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/charmbracelet/harmonica v0.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/charmbracelet/x/ansi v0.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/x/ansi v0.1.3 // indirect
 	github.com/charmbracelet/x/input v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/charmbracelet/x/term v0.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/charmbracelet/x/windows v0.1.0 // indirect
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin v0.2.4 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
-	github.com/docker/cli v24.0.0+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/docker/cli v27.0.3+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.3+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.4.0 // indirect
@@ -179,7 +182,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/muesli/termenv v0.15.2 // indirect
 	github.com/ncruces/go-strftime v0.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/nwaples/rardecode v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.0-rc3 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/opencontainers/runc v1.1.12 // indirect
 	github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.1.0-rc.1 // indirect
 	github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.11.0 // indirect
@@ -205,7 +208,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/viper v1.18.2 // indirect
 	github.com/subosito/gotenv v1.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/sylabs/sif/v2 v2.11.5 // indirect
+	github.com/sylabs/sif/v2 v2.17.1 // indirect
 	github.com/sylabs/squashfs v0.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/therootcompany/xz v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/tidwall/gjson v1.17.0 // indirect
@@ -226,13 +229,13 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.19.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/atomic v1.9.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.9.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.25.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231108232855-2478ac86f678 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/term v0.20.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.15.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.19.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.22.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/term v0.22.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.16.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d // indirect
 	golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20220907171357-04be3eba64a2 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20231120223509-83a465c0220f // indirect
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.59.0 // indirect
@@ -240,7 +243,7 @@ require (
 	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/warnings.v0 v0.1.2 // indirect
 	modernc.org/gc/v3 v3.0.0-20240107210532-573471604cb6 // indirect
-	modernc.org/libc v1.49.3 // indirect
+	modernc.org/libc v1.52.1 // indirect
 	modernc.org/mathutil v1.6.0 // indirect
 	modernc.org/memory v1.8.0 // indirect
 	modernc.org/strutil v1.2.0 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -57,9 +57,11 @@ github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161/go.mod h1:xomTg6
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.4.1/go.mod h1:CxXYINrC8qIiEnFrOxCa7Jy5BFHlXnUU2pbicEuybxQ=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.2.1/go.mod h1:CxXYINrC8qIiEnFrOxCa7Jy5BFHlXnUU2pbicEuybxQ=
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.4.0 h1:kuoIxZQy2WRRk1pttg9asf+WVv6tWQuBNVmK8+nqPr0=
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.4.0/go.mod h1:ukJfTF/6rtPPRCnwkur4qwRxa8vTRFBF0uk2lLoLwho=
 github.com/BurntSushi/xgb v0.0.0-20160522181843-27f122750802/go.mod h1:IVnqGOEym/WlBOVXweHU+Q+/VP0lqqI8lqeDx9IjBqo=
-github.com/CycloneDX/cyclonedx-go v0.8.0 h1:FyWVj6x6hoJrui5uRQdYZcSievw3Z32Z88uYzG/0D6M=
-github.com/CycloneDX/cyclonedx-go v0.8.0/go.mod h1:K2bA+324+Og0X84fA8HhN2X066K7Bxz4rpMQ4ZhjtSk=
+github.com/CycloneDX/cyclonedx-go v0.9.0 h1:inaif7qD8bivyxp7XLgxUYtOXWtDez7+j72qKTMQTb8=
+github.com/CycloneDX/cyclonedx-go v0.9.0/go.mod h1:NE/EWvzELOFlG6+ljX/QeMlVt9VKcTwu8u0ccsACEsw=
 github.com/DataDog/datadog-go v3.2.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:LButxg5PwREeZtORoXG3tL4fMGNddJ+vMq1mwgfaqoQ=
 github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.5.5 h1:oWf5W7GtOLgp6bciQYDmhHHjdhYkALu6S/5Ni9ZgSvQ=
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@@ -83,8 +85,8 @@ github.com/acarl005/stripansi v0.0.0-20180116102854-5a71ef0e047d h1:licZJFw2RwpH
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@@ -111,8 +113,8 @@ github.com/anchore/go-version v1.2.2-0.20200701162849-18adb9c92b9b h1:e1bmaoJfZV
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@@ -155,14 +157,14 @@ github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XL
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@@ -209,7 +211,7 @@ github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.3.2/go.mod h1:Y58oyj3AT4RCenI/lSvhwexgC+NSV
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@@ -225,12 +227,12 @@ github.com/deitch/magic v0.0.0-20230404182410-1ff89d7342da/go.mod h1:B3tI9iGHi4i
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@@ -285,8 +287,8 @@ github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:40Bi/Hjc2AVfZrqy+aj+yEI+/bRxZnMJyT
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@@ -321,8 +323,8 @@ github.com/go-restruct/restruct v1.2.0-alpha h1:2Lp474S/9660+SJjpVxoKuWX09JsXHSr
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@@ -382,8 +384,8 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.6/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/
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@@ -615,8 +617,8 @@ github.com/onsi/gomega v1.27.10 h1:naR28SdDFlqrG6kScpT8VWpu1xWY5nJRCF3XaYyBjhI=
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@@ -682,8 +684,8 @@ github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0/go.mod h1:E+RYuTGaKKdloAfM02xzb0FW3Paa99
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@@ -724,8 +726,8 @@ github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0 h1:OQTbbt6P72L20UqAkXXuLOj79LfEanQ+YQFNpLA9yS
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@@ -735,8 +737,8 @@ github.com/spf13/cast v1.4.1/go.mod h1:Qx5cxh0v+4UWYiBimWS+eyWzqEqokIECu5etghLkU
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@@ -766,8 +768,8 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8
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@@ -791,8 +793,8 @@ github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.12 h1:37Nm15o69RwBkXM0J6A5OlE67RZTfzUxTj8fB3dfcsc=
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@@ -875,8 +877,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220622213112-05595931fe9d/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0
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@@ -917,8 +919,8 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
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@@ -966,8 +968,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220722155237-a158d28d115b/go.mod h1:XRhObCWvk6IyKnWLug
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@@ -1079,15 +1081,15 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
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@@ -1100,8 +1102,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
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@@ -1163,8 +1165,8 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.1.4/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
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@@ -1357,18 +1359,18 @@ honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWh
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 modernc.org/mathutil v1.6.0/go.mod h1:Ui5Q9q1TR2gFm0AQRqQUaBWFLAhQpCwNcuhBOSedWPo=
 modernc.org/memory v1.8.0 h1:IqGTL6eFMaDZZhEWwcREgeMXYwmW83LYW8cROZYkg+E=
@@ -1377,8 +1379,8 @@ modernc.org/opt v0.1.3 h1:3XOZf2yznlhC+ibLltsDGzABUGVx8J6pnFMS3E4dcq4=
 modernc.org/opt v0.1.3/go.mod h1:WdSiB5evDcignE70guQKxYUl14mgWtbClRi5wmkkTX0=
 modernc.org/sortutil v1.2.0 h1:jQiD3PfS2REGJNzNCMMaLSp/wdMNieTbKX920Cqdgqc=
 modernc.org/sortutil v1.2.0/go.mod h1:TKU2s7kJMf1AE84OoiGppNHJwvB753OYfNl2WRb++Ss=
-modernc.org/sqlite v1.29.10 h1:3u93dz83myFnMilBGCOLbr+HjklS6+5rJLx4q86RDAg=
-modernc.org/sqlite v1.29.10/go.mod h1:ItX2a1OVGgNsFh6Dv60JQvGfJfTPHPVpV6DF59akYOA=
+modernc.org/sqlite v1.30.1 h1:YFhPVfu2iIgUf9kuA1CR7iiHdcEEsI2i+yjRYHscyxk=
+modernc.org/sqlite v1.30.1/go.mod h1:DUmsiWQDaAvU4abhc/N+djlom/L2o8f7gZ95RCvyoLU=
 modernc.org/strutil v1.2.0 h1:agBi9dp1I+eOnxXeiZawM8F4LawKv4NzGWSaLfyeNZA=
 modernc.org/strutil v1.2.0/go.mod h1:/mdcBmfOibveCTBxUl5B5l6W+TTH1FXPLHZE6bTosX0=
 modernc.org/token v1.1.0 h1:Xl7Ap9dKaEs5kLoOQeQmPWevfnk/DM5qcLcYlA8ys6Y=

install.sh

@@ -2,34 +2,26 @@
 # note: we require errors to propagate (don't set -e)
 set -u
 
-PROJECT_NAME="syft"
+PROJECT_NAME=syft
 OWNER=anchore
 REPO="${PROJECT_NAME}"
 GITHUB_DOWNLOAD_PREFIX=https://github.com/${OWNER}/${REPO}/releases/download
 INSTALL_SH_BASE_URL=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/${OWNER}/${PROJECT_NAME}
 PROGRAM_ARGS=$@
 
+# signature verification options
+
+# the location to the cosign binary (allowed to be overridden by the user)
+COSIGN_BINARY=${COSIGN_BINARY:-cosign}
+VERIFY_SIGN=false
+# this is the earliest tag in the repo where cosign sign-blob was introduced in the release process (see the goreleaser config)
+VERIFY_SIGN_SUPPORTED_VERSION=v0.104.0
+# this is the earliest tag in the repo where the -v flag was introduced to this install.sh script
+VERIFY_SIGN_FLAG_VERSION=v1.6.0
+
 # do not change the name of this parameter (this must always be backwards compatible)
 DOWNLOAD_TAG_INSTALL_SCRIPT=${DOWNLOAD_TAG_INSTALL_SCRIPT:-true}
 
-#
-# usage [script-name]
-#
-usage() (
-  this=$1
-  cat <<EOF
-$this: download go binaries for anchore/syft
-
-Usage: $this [-b] dir [-d] [tag]
-  -b  the installation directory (dDefaults to ./bin)
-  -d  turns on debug logging
-  -dd turns on trace logging
-  [tag] the specific release to use (if missing, then the latest will be used)
-EOF
-  exit 2
-)
-
-
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # https://github.com/client9/shlib - portable posix shell functions
 # Public domain - http://unlicense.org
@@ -270,21 +262,21 @@ hash_sha256() (
 )
 
 hash_sha256_verify() (
-  TARGET=$1
+  target=$1
   checksums=$2
   if [ -z "$checksums" ]; then
-    log_err "hash_sha256_verify checksum file not specified in arg2"
+    log_err "hash_sha256_verify checksum file not specified as argument"
     return 1
   fi
-  BASENAME=${TARGET##*/}
-  want=$(grep "${BASENAME}" "${checksums}" 2>/dev/null | tr '\t' ' ' | cut -d ' ' -f 1)
+  target_basename=${target##*/}
+  want=$(grep "${target_basename}" "${checksums}" 2>/dev/null | tr '\t' ' ' | cut -d ' ' -f 1)
   if [ -z "$want" ]; then
-    log_err "hash_sha256_verify unable to find checksum for '${TARGET}' in '${checksums}'"
+    log_err "hash_sha256_verify unable to find checksum for '${target}' in '${checksums}'"
     return 1
   fi
-  got=$(hash_sha256 "$TARGET")
+  got=$(hash_sha256 "$target")
   if [ "$want" != "$got" ]; then
-    log_err "hash_sha256_verify checksum for '$TARGET' did not verify ${want} vs $got"
+    log_err "hash_sha256_verify checksum for '$target' did not verify ${want} vs $got"
     return 1
   fi
 )
@@ -358,28 +350,69 @@ github_release_tag() (
   echo "$tag"
 )
 
+# github_release_asset_url [release-url-prefix] [name] [version] [output-dir] [filename]
+#
+# outputs the url to the release asset
+#
+github_release_asset_url() (
+  download_url="$1"
+  name="$2"
+  version="$3"
+  filename="$4"
+
+  complete_filename="${name}_${version}_${filename}"
+  complete_url="${download_url}/${complete_filename}"
+
+  echo "${complete_url}"
+)
+
+# download_github_release_checksums_files [release-url-prefix] [name] [version] [output-dir] [filename]
+#
+# outputs path to the downloaded checksums related file
+#
+download_github_release_checksums_files() (
+  download_url="$1"
+  name="$2"
+  version="$3"
+  output_dir="$4"
+  filename="$5"
+
+  log_trace "download_github_release_checksums_files(url=${download_url}, name=${name}, version=${version}, output_dir=${output_dir}, filename=${filename})"
+
+  complete_filename="${name}_${version}_${filename}"
+  complete_url=$(github_release_asset_url "${download_url}" "${name}" "${version}" "${filename}")
+  output_path="${output_dir}/${complete_filename}"
+
+  http_download "${output_path}" "${complete_url}" ""
+  asset_file_exists "${output_path}"
+
+  log_trace "download_github_release_checksums_files() returned '${output_path}' for file '${complete_filename}'"
+
+  echo "${output_path}"
+)
+
 # download_github_release_checksums [release-url-prefix] [name] [version] [output-dir]
 #
 # outputs path to the downloaded checksums file
 #
 download_github_release_checksums() (
-  download_url="$1"
-  name="$2"
-  version="$3"
-  output_dir="$4"
+  download_github_release_checksums_files "$@" "checksums.txt"
+)
 
-  log_trace "download_github_release_checksums(url=${download_url}, name=${name}, version=${version}, output_dir=${output_dir})"
+# github_release_checksums_sig_url [release-url-prefix] [name] [version]
+#
+# outputs the url to the release checksums signature file
+#
+github_release_checksums_sig_url() (
+  github_release_asset_url "$@" "checksums.txt.sig"
+)
 
-  checksum_filename=${name}_${version}_checksums.txt
-  checksum_url=${download_url}/${checksum_filename}
-  output_path="${output_dir}/${checksum_filename}"
-
-  http_download "${output_path}" "${checksum_url}" ""
-  asset_file_exists "${output_path}"
-
-  log_trace "download_github_release_checksums() returned '${output_path}'"
-
-  echo "${output_path}"
+# github_release_checksums_cert_url [release-url-prefix] [name] [version]
+#
+# outputs the url to the release checksums certificate file
+#
+github_release_checksums_cert_url() (
+  github_release_asset_url "$@" "checksums.txt.pem"
 )
 
 # search_for_asset [checksums-file-path] [name] [os] [arch] [format]
@@ -535,7 +568,10 @@ download_and_install_asset() (
   format="$8"
   binary="$9"
 
-  asset_filepath=$(download_asset "${download_url}" "${download_path}" "${name}" "${os}" "${arch}" "${version}" "${format}")
+  if ! asset_filepath=$(download_asset "${download_url}" "${download_path}" "${name}" "${os}" "${arch}" "${version}" "${format}"); then
+      log_err "could not download asset for os='${os}' arch='${arch}' format='${format}'"
+      return 1
+  fi
 
   # don't continue if we couldn't download an asset
   if [ -z "${asset_filepath}" ]; then
@@ -546,6 +582,36 @@ download_and_install_asset() (
   install_asset "${asset_filepath}" "${install_path}" "${binary}"
 )
 
+# verify_sign [checksums-file-path] [certificate-reference] [signature-reference] [version]
+#
+# attempts verify the signature of the checksums file from the release workflow in Github Actions run against the main branch.
+#
+verify_sign() {
+  checksums_file=$1
+  cert_reference=$2
+  sig_reference=$3
+
+  log_trace "verifying artifact $1"
+
+  log_file=$(mktemp)
+
+  ${COSIGN_BINARY} \
+    verify-blob "$checksums_file" \
+      --certificate "$cert_reference" \
+      --signature "$sig_reference" \
+      --certificate-identity "https://github.com/${OWNER}/${REPO}/.github/workflows/release.yaml@refs/heads/main" \
+      --certificate-oidc-issuer "https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com" > "${log_file}" 2>&1
+
+  if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+    log_err "$(cat "${log_file}")"
+    rm -f "${log_file}"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  rm -f "${log_file}"
+}
+
+
 # download_asset [release-url-prefix] [download-path] [name] [os] [arch] [version] [format] [binary]
 #
 # outputs the path to the downloaded asset asset_filepath
@@ -572,6 +638,20 @@ download_asset() (
       return 1
   fi
 
+  if [ "$VERIFY_SIGN" = true ]; then
+    checksum_sig_file_url=$(github_release_checksums_sig_url "${download_url}" "${name}" "${version}")
+    log_trace "checksums signature url: ${checksum_sig_file_url}"
+
+    checksums_cert_file_url=$(github_release_checksums_cert_url "${download_url}" "${name}" "${version}")
+    log_trace "checksums certificate url: ${checksums_cert_file_url}"
+
+    if ! verify_sign "${checksums_filepath}" "${checksums_cert_file_url}" "${checksum_sig_file_url}"; then
+      log_err "signature verification failed"
+      return 1
+    fi
+    log_info "signature verification succeeded"
+  fi
+
   asset_url="${download_url}/${asset_filename}"
   asset_filepath="${destination}/${asset_filename}"
   http_download "${asset_filepath}" "${asset_url}" ""
@@ -609,6 +689,79 @@ install_asset() (
   install "${archive_dir}/${binary}" "${destination}/"
 )
 
+# compare two semver strings. Returns 0 if version1 >= version2, 1 otherwise.
+# Note: pre-release (-) and metadata (+) are not supported.
+compare_semver() {
+    # remove leading 'v' if present
+    version1=${1#v}
+    version2=${2#v}
+
+    IFS=. read -r major1 minor1 patch1 <<EOF
+$version1
+EOF
+    IFS=. read -r major2 minor2 patch2 <<EOF
+$version2
+EOF
+
+    if [ "$major1" -gt "$major2" ]; then
+        return 0
+    elif [ "$major1" -lt "$major2" ]; then
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    if [ "$minor1" -gt "$minor2" ]; then
+        return 0
+    elif [ "$minor1" -lt "$minor2" ]; then
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    if [ "$patch1" -gt "$patch2" ]; then
+        return 0
+    elif [ "$patch1" -lt "$patch2" ]; then
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # versions are equal
+    return 0
+}
+
+prep_signature_verification() {
+  version="$1"
+
+  if [ "$VERIFY_SIGN" != true ]; then
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  # is there any cryptographic material produced at release that we can use for signature verification?
+  if ! compare_semver "$version" "$VERIFY_SIGN_SUPPORTED_VERSION"; then
+    log_err "${PROJECT_NAME} release '$version' does not support signature verification"
+    log_err "you can still install ${PROJECT_NAME} by removing the -v flag or using a release that supports signature verification (>= '$VERIFY_SIGN_SUPPORTED_VERSION')"
+    log_err "aborting installation"
+    return 1
+  else
+    log_trace "${PROJECT_NAME} release '$version' supports signature verification (>= '$VERIFY_SIGN_SUPPORTED_VERSION')"
+  fi
+
+  # will invoking an earlier version of this script work (considering the -v flag)?
+  if ! compare_semver "$version" "$VERIFY_SIGN_FLAG_VERSION"; then
+    # the -v argument did not always exist, so we cannot be guaranteed that invoking an earlier version of this script
+    # will work (error with "illegal option -v"). However, the user requested signature verification, so we will
+    # attempt to install the application with this version of the script (keeping signature verification).
+    DOWNLOAD_TAG_INSTALL_SCRIPT=false
+    log_debug "provided version install script does not support -v flag (>= '$VERIFY_SIGN_FLAG_VERSION'), using current script for installation"
+  else
+    log_trace "provided version install script supports -v flag (>= '$VERIFY_SIGN_FLAG_VERSION')"
+  fi
+
+  # check to see if the cosign binary is installed
+  if is_command "${COSIGN_BINARY}"; then
+    log_trace "${COSIGN_BINARY} binary is installed"
+  else
+    log_err "signature verification is requested but ${COSIGN_BINARY} binary is not installed (see https://docs.sigstore.dev/system_config/installation/ to install it)"
+    return 1
+  fi
+}
+
 main() (
   # parse arguments
 
@@ -616,7 +769,7 @@ main() (
   install_dir=${install_dir:-./bin}
 
   # note: never change the program flags or arguments (this must always be backwards compatible)
-  while getopts "b:dh?x" arg; do
+  while getopts "b:dvh?x" arg; do
     case "$arg" in
       b) install_dir="$OPTARG" ;;
       d)
@@ -628,25 +781,37 @@ main() (
           log_set_priority $log_trace_priority
         fi
         ;;
-      h | \?) usage "$0" ;;
+      v) VERIFY_SIGN=true;;
+      h | \?)
+        cat <<EOF
+Download and install a released binary for ${OWNER}/${REPO} from the github releases page
+
+Usage: $0 [-v] [-b DIR] [-d] [TAG]
+  -b DIR  the installation directory (defaults to ./bin)
+  -d      turns on debug logging
+  -dd     turns on trace logging
+  -v      verify checksum signature (requires cosign binary to be installed).
+  TAG     the specific release to use (if missing, then the latest will be used)
+EOF
+        exit 0
+      ;;
       x) set -x ;;
     esac
   done
   shift $((OPTIND - 1))
+
   set +u
   tag=$1
 
   if [ -z "${tag}" ]; then
-    log_debug "checking github for the current release tag"
+    log_info "checking github for the current release tag"
     tag=""
   else
-    log_debug "checking github for release tag='${tag}'"
+    log_info "checking github for release tag='${tag}'"
   fi
   set -u
 
-  tag=$(get_release_tag "${OWNER}" "${REPO}" "${tag}")
-
-  if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
+  if ! tag=$(get_release_tag "${OWNER}" "${REPO}" "${tag}"); then
       log_err "unable to find tag='${tag}'"
       log_err "do not specify a version or select a valid version from https://github.com/${OWNER}/${REPO}/releases"
       return 1
@@ -661,6 +826,10 @@ main() (
   binary=$(get_binary_name "${os}" "${arch}" "${PROJECT_NAME}")
   download_url="${GITHUB_DOWNLOAD_PREFIX}/${tag}"
 
+  if ! prep_signature_verification "$version"; then
+      return 1
+  fi
+
   # we always use the install.sh script that is associated with the tagged release. Why? the latest install.sh is not
   # guaranteed to be able to install every version of the application. We use the DOWNLOAD_TAG_INSTALL_SCRIPT env var
   # to indicate if we should continue processing with the existing script or to download the script from the given tag.
@@ -678,10 +847,8 @@ main() (
 
   log_debug "downloading files into ${download_dir}"
 
-  download_and_install_asset "${download_url}" "${download_dir}" "${install_dir}" "${PROJECT_NAME}" "${os}" "${arch}" "${version}" "${format}" "${binary}"
-
   # don't continue if we couldn't install the asset
-  if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
+  if ! download_and_install_asset "${download_url}" "${download_dir}" "${install_dir}" "${PROJECT_NAME}" "${os}" "${arch}" "${version}" "${format}" "${binary}"; then
       log_err "failed to install ${PROJECT_NAME}"
       return 1
   fi
@@ -697,4 +864,4 @@ if [ -z "${TEST_INSTALL_SH}" ]; then
   main "$@"
   exit $?
 fi
-set -u
+set -u

internal/cache/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Caching
+
+All caches are created from a global `manager`. By defaut this is a `bypassedCache`, which performs no caching.
+One benefit of this is that tests don't need to worry about caching causing issues unless they explicitly need
+to test the cache and can opt-in using the `cache.TestCache(t)` helper.
+
+Syft sets a `filesystemCache` when the [cache options](../../cmd/syft/internal/options/cache.go) are loaded.
+
+When using the `filesystemCache` all items are stored on disk under a root directory, generally in the form of:
+```
+<rootDir>/<named-cache>/<data-version>/path/to/data
+```
+
+# Using the cache
+
+The easiest and preferred method to use the cache is a `cache.Resolver`, which automatically creates a `<data-version>`
+based on the _structure_ of the provided type.
+If the structure changes in any way it will end up with a new version key and all will re populate this new key,
+ignoring cached values from older, different versions.
+The resolver will store items using the `json` package to serialize/deserialize values, so to save space
+it is encouraged  to use `omitempty`. For example:
+
+```go
+type myCacheItem struct {
+	Name string `json:"name",omitempty`
+}
+```
+
+It is possible to use core types such as `pkg.Package` as long as they support the standard `json` serialization,
+but this is discouraged in order to decouple changes to them from affecting the information stored in the cache.
+
+To get a cache for this type:
+```go
+resolver := cache.GetResolver[myCacheItem]("myCacheName", "v1")
+```
+
+Using the `resolver` is a single call, which manages checking for items in the cache, expiry times,
+and if not found invoking the callback to populate the cache and return a value:
+```go
+data := resolver.Resolve("some/cache/key", func() (myCacheItem, error) {
+	// do things to return a myCacheItem or error
+})
+```
+
+If it is common that checking for an item will result in errors, and you do not want to re-run the resolve function
+when errors are encountered, instead of using `GetResolver`, you can use `GetResolverCachingErrors`, which is useful
+for things such as resolving artifacts over a network, where a number of them will not be resolved, and you do not want
+to continue to have the expense of running the network resolution. This should be used when it is acceptable a network
+outage and cached errors is an acceptable risk.
+
+An example can be seen in the [golang cataloger](../../syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/licenses.go) fetching remote licenses.

internal/cache/bypass.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package cache
+
+import "io"
+
+type bypassedCache struct{}
+
+func (b *bypassedCache) Read(_ string) (ReaderAtCloser, error) {
+	return nil, errNotFound
+}
+
+func (b *bypassedCache) Write(_ string, contents io.Reader) error {
+	if closer, ok := contents.(io.Closer); ok {
+		_ = closer.Close()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (b *bypassedCache) GetCache(_, _ string) Cache {
+	return b
+}
+
+func (b *bypassedCache) RootDirs() []string {
+	return nil
+}

internal/cache/bypass_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func Test_bypassedCache(t *testing.T) {
+	m := bypassedCache{}
+	cache := m.GetCache("name", "version")
+	err := cache.Write("test", strings.NewReader("value"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	rdr, err := cache.Read("test")
+	require.Nil(t, rdr)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, errNotFound)
+}

internal/cache/cache.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"io"
+)
+
+// Manager is responsible for managing cache data and instantiating all caches
+type Manager interface {
+	// GetCache returns a cache scoped to the given named, versioned data
+	GetCache(name, version string) Cache
+
+	// RootDirs returns any root directories this cache manager uses
+	RootDirs() []string
+}
+
+// ReaderAtCloser is an amalgamation of: io.Reader, io.ReaderAt, and io.Closer
+type ReaderAtCloser interface {
+	io.Reader
+	io.ReaderAt
+	io.Closer
+}
+
+// Cache is what the application interacts with to get and set cached data
+type Cache interface {
+	// Read returns a reader for the cache value, if found and not expired
+	// or errors when unable to find / expired
+	Read(key string) (ReaderAtCloser, error)
+
+	// Write writes the contents of the reader to the cache
+	// and closes it, if the reader implements io.Closer
+	Write(key string, contents io.Reader) error
+}
+
+// GetManager returns the global cache manager, which is used to instantiate all caches
+func GetManager() Manager {
+	return manager
+}
+
+// SetManager sets the global cache manager, which is used to instantiate all caches.
+// Setting this to nil disables caching.
+func SetManager(m Manager) {
+	if m == nil {
+		manager = &bypassedCache{}
+	} else {
+		manager = m
+	}
+}
+
+var manager Manager = &bypassedCache{}

internal/cache/cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func Test_SetManager(t *testing.T) {
+	original := GetManager()
+	defer SetManager(original)
+
+	SetManager(nil)
+
+	require.NotNil(t, GetManager())
+	require.IsType(t, &bypassedCache{}, GetManager())
+
+	SetManager(NewInMemory(0))
+
+	require.NotNil(t, GetManager())
+	require.IsType(t, &bypassedCache{}, GetManager())
+
+	SetManager(NewInMemory(1 * time.Hour))
+
+	require.NotNil(t, GetManager())
+	require.IsType(t, &filesystemCache{}, GetManager())
+
+	SetManager(nil)
+	require.NotNil(t, GetManager())
+	require.IsType(t, &bypassedCache{}, GetManager())
+}

internal/cache/error_resolver.go

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package cache
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// GetResolverCachingErrors returns a Resolver that caches errors and will return them
+// instead of continuing to call the provided resolve functions
+func GetResolverCachingErrors[T any](name, version string) Resolver[T] {
+	return &errorResolver[T]{
+		resolver: GetResolver[errResponse[T]](name, version),
+	}
+}
+
+type errResponse[T any] struct {
+	Error string `json:"err,omitempty"`
+	Value T      `json:"val,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type errorResolver[T any] struct {
+	resolver Resolver[errResponse[T]]
+}
+
+func (r *errorResolver[T]) Resolve(key string, resolver resolverFunc[T]) (T, error) {
+	v, err := r.resolver.Resolve(key, func() (errResponse[T], error) {
+		v, err := resolver()
+		out := errResponse[T]{
+			Value: v,
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			out.Error = err.Error()
+		}
+		return out, nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return v.Value, err
+	}
+	if v.Error != "" {
+		return v.Value, fmt.Errorf(v.Error)
+	}
+	return v.Value, nil
+}

internal/cache/error_resolver_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func Test_errorResolver(t *testing.T) {
+	original := GetManager()
+	defer SetManager(original)
+	SetManager(NewInMemory(time.Hour))
+
+	resolver := GetResolverCachingErrors[string]("theCache", "theVersion")
+
+	resolveCount := 0
+	resolveFunc := func() (string, error) {
+		resolveCount++
+		return "theValue", nil
+	}
+
+	val, err := resolver.Resolve("theKey", resolveFunc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, resolveCount)
+	require.Equal(t, "theValue", val)
+
+	val, err = resolver.Resolve("theKey", resolveFunc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, resolveCount)
+	require.Equal(t, "theValue", val)
+
+	errorCount := 0
+	errorFunc := func() (string, error) {
+		errorCount++
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("an error")
+	}
+
+	_, err = resolver.Resolve("errorValue", errorFunc)
+	require.ErrorContains(t, err, "an error")
+	require.Equal(t, 1, errorCount)
+
+	_, err = resolver.Resolve("errorValue", errorFunc)
+	require.ErrorContains(t, err, "an error")
+	require.Equal(t, 1, errorCount)
+}

internal/cache/filesystem.go

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/log"
+)
+
+// NewFromDir creates a new cache manager which returns caches stored on disk, rooted at the given directory
+func NewFromDir(dir string, ttl time.Duration) (Manager, error) {
+	dir = filepath.Clean(dir)
+	fsys, err := subFs(afero.NewOsFs(), dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &filesystemCache{
+		dir: dir,
+		fs:  fsys,
+		ttl: ttl,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+const filePermissions = 0700
+const dirPermissions = os.ModeDir | filePermissions
+
+type filesystemCache struct {
+	dir string
+	fs  afero.Fs
+	ttl time.Duration
+}
+
+func (d *filesystemCache) GetCache(name, version string) Cache {
+	fsys, err := subFs(d.fs, name, version)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("error getting cache for: %s/%s: %v", name, version, err)
+		return &bypassedCache{}
+	}
+	return &filesystemCache{
+		dir: filepath.Join(d.dir, name, version),
+		fs:  fsys,
+		ttl: d.ttl,
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *filesystemCache) RootDirs() []string {
+	if d.dir == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return []string{d.dir}
+}
+
+func (d *filesystemCache) Read(key string) (ReaderAtCloser, error) {
+	path := makeDiskKey(key)
+	f, err := d.fs.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Tracef("no cache entry for %s %s: %v", d.dir, key, err)
+		return nil, errNotFound
+	} else if stat, err := f.Stat(); err != nil || stat == nil || time.Since(stat.ModTime()) > d.ttl {
+		log.Tracef("cache entry is too old for %s %s", d.dir, key)
+		return nil, errExpired
+	}
+	log.Tracef("using cache for %s %s", d.dir, key)
+	return f, nil
+}
+
+func (d *filesystemCache) Write(key string, contents io.Reader) error {
+	path := makeDiskKey(key)
+	return afero.WriteReader(d.fs, path, contents)
+}
+
+// subFs returns a writable directory with the given name under the root cache directory returned from findRoot,
+// the directory will be created if it does not exist
+func subFs(fsys afero.Fs, subDirs ...string) (afero.Fs, error) {
+	dir := filepath.Join(subDirs...)
+	dir = filepath.Clean(dir)
+	stat, err := fsys.Stat(dir)
+	if errors.Is(err, afero.ErrFileNotFound) {
+		err = fsys.MkdirAll(dir, dirPermissions)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to create directory at '%s': %v", dir, err)
+		}
+		stat, err = fsys.Stat(dir)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if err != nil || stat == nil || !stat.IsDir() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to verify directory '%s': %v", dir, err)
+	}
+	fsys = afero.NewBasePathFs(fsys, dir)
+	return fsys, err
+}
+
+var keyReplacer = regexp.MustCompile("[^-._/a-zA-Z0-9]")
+
+// makeDiskKey makes a safe sub-path but not escape forward slashes, this allows for logical partitioning on disk
+func makeDiskKey(key string) string {
+	// encode single dot directory
+	if key == "." {
+		return "%2E"
+	}
+	// replace any disallowed chars with encoded form
+	key = keyReplacer.ReplaceAllStringFunc(key, url.QueryEscape)
+	// allow . in names but not ..
+	key = strings.ReplaceAll(key, "..", "%2E%2E")
+	return key
+}
+
+var errNotFound = fmt.Errorf("not found")
+var errExpired = fmt.Errorf("expired")

internal/cache/filesystem_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
+)
+
+func Test_filesystemCache(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	man, err := NewFromDir(dir, 1*time.Minute)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cacheName := "test"
+	cacheVersion := "v1"
+	cache := man.GetCache(cacheName, cacheVersion)
+
+	cacheKey := "test-key"
+	contentsValue := "some contents to cache"
+
+	err = cache.Write(cacheKey, strings.NewReader(contentsValue))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	rdr, err := cache.Read(cacheKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer internal.CloseAndLogError(rdr, cacheKey)
+
+	contents, err := io.ReadAll(rdr)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, contentsValue, string(contents))
+
+	// check the contents were actually written to disk as expected
+	contents, err = os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dir, cacheName, cacheVersion, cacheKey))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, contentsValue, string(contents))
+
+	_, err = cache.Read("otherKey")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, errNotFound)
+}
+
+func Test_makeDiskKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		in       string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			in:       "",
+			expected: "",
+		},
+		{
+			in:       ".",
+			expected: "%2E",
+		},
+		{
+			in:       "..",
+			expected: "%2E%2E",
+		},
+		{
+			in:       "github.com",
+			expected: "github.com",
+		},
+		{
+			in:       "../github.com",
+			expected: "%2E%2E/github.com",
+		},
+		{
+			in:       "github.com/../..",
+			expected: "github.com/%2E%2E/%2E%2E",
+		},
+		{
+			in:       "github.com/%2E../..",
+			expected: "github.com/%252E%2E%2E/%2E%2E",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.in, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := makeDiskKey(test.in)
+			// validate appropriate escaping
+			require.Equal(t, test.expected, got)
+			// also validate that unescaped string matches original
+			unescaped, err := url.QueryUnescape(got)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, test.in, unescaped)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_errors(t *testing.T) {
+	tmp := t.TempDir()
+	cache := filepath.Join(tmp, "cache")
+	// make a non-writable directory
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(cache, 0500|os.ModeDir))
+	// attempt to make cache in non-writable directory
+	dir := filepath.Join(cache, "dir")
+	_, err := NewFromDir(dir, time.Hour)
+	require.ErrorContains(t, err, fmt.Sprintf("unable to create directory at '%s':", dir))
+}

internal/cache/hash_type.go

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure/v2"
+)
+
+// hashType returns a stable hash based on the structure of the type
+func hashType[T any]() string {
+	// get the base type and hash an empty instance
+	var t T
+	empty := emptyValue(reflect.TypeOf(t)).Interface()
+	hash, err := hashstructure.Hash(empty, hashstructure.FormatV2, &hashstructure.HashOptions{
+		ZeroNil:         false,
+		IgnoreZeroValue: false,
+		SlicesAsSets:    false,
+		UseStringer:     false,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unable to use type as cache key: %w", err))
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%x", hash)
+}
+
+func emptyValue(t reflect.Type) reflect.Value {
+	switch t.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Pointer:
+		e := t.Elem()
+		v := emptyValue(e)
+		if v.CanAddr() {
+			return v.Addr()
+		}
+		ptrv := reflect.New(e)
+		ptrv.Elem().Set(v)
+		return ptrv
+	case reflect.Slice:
+		v := emptyValue(t.Elem())
+		s := reflect.MakeSlice(t, 1, 1)
+		s.Index(0).Set(v)
+		return s
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		v := reflect.New(t).Elem()
+		// get all empty field values, too
+		for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ {
+			f := t.Field(i)
+			if isIgnored(f) {
+				continue
+			}
+			fv := v.Field(i)
+			if fv.CanSet() {
+				fv.Set(emptyValue(f.Type))
+			}
+		}
+		return v
+	default:
+		return reflect.New(t).Elem()
+	}
+}
+
+func isIgnored(f reflect.StructField) bool {
+	if !f.IsExported() {
+		return true
+	}
+	tag := f.Tag.Get("hash")
+	if tag == "-" || tag == "ignore" {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}

internal/cache/hash_type_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure/v2"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func Test_hashType(t *testing.T) {
+	type t1 struct {
+		Name string
+	}
+	type t2 struct {
+		Name string
+	}
+	type generic[T any] struct {
+		Val T
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		hash     func() string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "struct 1",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[t1]() },
+			expected: "d106c3ffbf98a0b1",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "slice of struct 1",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[[]t1]() },
+			expected: "8122ace4ee1af0b4",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "slice of struct 2",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[[]t2]() },
+			expected: "8cc04b5808be5bf9",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "ptr 1",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[*t1]() },
+			expected: "d106c3ffbf98a0b1", // same hash as t1, which is ok since the structs are the same
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "slice of ptr 1",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[[]*t1]() },
+			expected: "8122ace4ee1af0b4", // same hash as []t1, again underlying serialization is the same
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "slice of ptr 2",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[[]*t2]() },
+			expected: "8cc04b5808be5bf9", // same hash as []t2, underlying serialization is the same
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "slice of ptr of slice of ptr",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[[]*[]*t1]() },
+			expected: "500d9f5b3a5977ce",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "generic 1",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[generic[t1]]() },
+			expected: "b5fbb30e24400e81",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "generic 2",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[generic[t2]]() },
+			expected: "becdb767c6b22bfa",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "generic with ptr 1",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[generic[*t1]]() },
+			expected: "30c8855bf290fd83",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "generic with ptr 2",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[generic[*t2]]() },
+			expected: "b66366b6ce9e6361",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "generic with slice 1",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[generic[[]t1]]() },
+			expected: "d2ed158942fa6c29",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "generic with slice 2",
+			hash:     func() string { return hashType[generic[[]t2]]() },
+			expected: "7a7bec575871c179",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			require.Equal(t, test.expected, test.hash())
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_hashIgnores(t *testing.T) {
+	hash := func(v any) string {
+		v, err := hashstructure.Hash(v, hashstructure.FormatV2, &hashstructure.HashOptions{})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%x", v)
+	}
+	type t1 struct {
+		Name        string
+		notExported string
+	}
+	require.Equal(t, hash(t1{notExported: "a value"}), hashType[t1]())
+
+	type t2 struct {
+		Name     string
+		Exported string `hash:"ignore"`
+	}
+	require.Equal(t, hash(t2{Exported: "another value"}), hashType[t2]())
+
+	type t3 struct {
+		Name     string
+		Exported string `hash:"-"`
+	}
+	require.Equal(t, hash(t3{Exported: "still valued"}), hashType[t3]())
+}

internal/cache/memory.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+)
+
+// NewInMemory returns an in-memory only cache manager
+func NewInMemory(ttl time.Duration) Manager {
+	if ttl <= 0 {
+		return &bypassedCache{}
+	}
+	return &filesystemCache{
+		dir: "",
+		fs:  afero.NewMemMapFs(),
+		ttl: ttl,
+	}
+}

internal/cache/memory_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
+)
+
+func Test_NewInMemory(t *testing.T) {
+	man := NewInMemory(time.Hour)
+
+	cacheName := "test"
+	cacheVersion := "v1"
+	cache := man.GetCache(cacheName, cacheVersion)
+
+	cacheKey := "test-key"
+	contentsValue := "some contents to cache"
+
+	err := cache.Write(cacheKey, strings.NewReader(contentsValue))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	rdr, err := cache.Read(cacheKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer internal.CloseAndLogError(rdr, cacheKey)
+
+	contents, err := io.ReadAll(rdr)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, contentsValue, string(contents))
+
+	_, err = cache.Read("otherKey")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, errNotFound)
+}

internal/cache/resolver.go

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"path"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/log"
+)
+
+// Resolver interface provides a single Resolve method, which will return from cache
+// or call the provided resolve function to get the value if not available in cache
+type Resolver[T any] interface {
+	// Resolve attempts to resolve the given key from cache and convert it to the type of the cache,
+	// or calls the resolver function if unable to resolve a cached value
+	Resolve(key string, resolver resolverFunc[T]) (T, error)
+}
+
+// GetResolver returns a cache resolver for persistent cached data across Syft runs, stored in a unique
+// location based on the provided name and versioned by the type
+func GetResolver[T any](name, version string) Resolver[T] {
+	typeHash := hashType[T]()
+	versionKey := path.Join(version, typeHash)
+	return &cacheResolver[T]{
+		name:  fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", name, versionKey),
+		cache: manager.GetCache(name, versionKey),
+	}
+}
+
+const resolverKeySuffix = ".json"
+
+type resolverFunc[T any] func() (T, error)
+
+type cacheResolver[T any] struct {
+	name  string
+	cache Cache
+}
+
+var _ interface {
+	Resolver[int]
+} = (*cacheResolver[int])(nil)
+
+func (r *cacheResolver[T]) Resolve(key string, resolver resolverFunc[T]) (T, error) {
+	key += resolverKeySuffix
+
+	rdr, err := r.cache.Read(key)
+	if rdr == nil || err != nil {
+		return r.resolveAndCache(key, resolver)
+	}
+	defer internal.CloseAndLogError(rdr, key)
+
+	dec := json.NewDecoder(rdr)
+	if dec == nil {
+		log.Tracef("error getting cache json decoder for %s %v: %v", r.name, key, err)
+		return r.resolveAndCache(key, resolver)
+	}
+	var t T
+	err = dec.Decode(&t)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Tracef("error decoding cached entry for %s %v: %v", r.name, key, err)
+		return r.resolveAndCache(key, resolver)
+	}
+	// no error, able to resolve from cache
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+func (r *cacheResolver[T]) resolveAndCache(key string, resolver func() (T, error)) (T, error) {
+	t, err := resolver()
+	if err != nil {
+		return t, err
+	}
+	var data bytes.Buffer
+	enc := json.NewEncoder(&data)
+	enc.SetEscapeHTML(false)
+	err = enc.Encode(t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return t, err
+	}
+	err = r.cache.Write(key, &data)
+	return t, err
+}

internal/cache/resolver_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func Test_Resolver(t *testing.T) {
+	original := GetManager()
+	defer SetManager(original)
+	SetManager(NewInMemory(time.Hour))
+
+	type sub struct {
+		Name  string
+		Value bool
+	}
+
+	type thing struct {
+		Value  string
+		Values []int
+		Subs   []*sub
+	}
+
+	versionHash := hashType[thing]()
+	cache := GetManager().GetCache("test", "v7/"+versionHash)
+
+	resolver := GetResolver[thing]("test", "v7")
+	require.NotNil(t, resolver)
+
+	require.IsType(t, &cacheResolver[thing]{}, resolver)
+	cr := resolver.(*cacheResolver[thing])
+
+	require.IsType(t, cache, cr.cache)
+
+	resolveErrCount := 0
+	resolveThingErr := func() (thing, error) {
+		resolveErrCount++
+		return thing{}, fmt.Errorf("an error")
+	}
+
+	_, err := resolver.Resolve("err", resolveThingErr)
+	require.ErrorContains(t, err, "an error")
+	require.Equal(t, 1, resolveErrCount)
+
+	_, err = resolver.Resolve("err", resolveThingErr)
+	require.ErrorContains(t, err, "an error")
+	require.Equal(t, 2, resolveErrCount)
+
+	aThing := thing{
+		Value:  "a value",
+		Values: []int{7, 8, 9},
+		Subs: []*sub{
+			{
+				Name:  "sub1",
+				Value: true,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:  "sub2",
+				Value: false,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	resolveThingCount := 0
+	resolveThing := func() (thing, error) {
+		resolveThingCount++
+		return aThing, nil
+	}
+
+	val, err := resolver.Resolve("thing", resolveThing)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, resolveThingCount)
+	require.Equal(t, aThing, val)
+
+	val, err = resolver.Resolve("thing", resolveThing)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, resolveThingCount)
+	require.Equal(t, aThing, val)
+
+	rdr, err := cache.Read("thing" + resolverKeySuffix)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	decoder := json.NewDecoder(rdr)
+
+	var val2 thing
+	err = decoder.Decode(&val2)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, aThing, val2)
+}

internal/constants.go

@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ package internal
 const (
 	// JSONSchemaVersion is the current schema version output by the JSON encoder
 	// This is roughly following the "SchemaVer" guidelines for versioning the JSON schema. Please see schema/json/README.md for details on how to increment.
-	JSONSchemaVersion = "16.0.12"
+	JSONSchemaVersion = "16.0.14"
 )

internal/relationship/exclude_binaries_by_file_ownership_overlap.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package relationship
 
 import (
+	"reflect"
 	"slices"
 
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/sbomsync"
@@ -21,6 +22,10 @@ var (
 	binaryCatalogerTypes = []pkg.Type{
 		pkg.BinaryPkg,
 	}
+	binaryMetadataTypes = []string{
+		reflect.TypeOf(pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{}).Name(),
+		reflect.TypeOf(pkg.BinarySignature{}).Name(),
+	}
 )
 
 func ExcludeBinariesByFileOwnershipOverlap(accessor sbomsync.Accessor) {
@@ -60,5 +65,15 @@ func excludeBinaryByFileOwnershipOverlap(r artifact.Relationship, c *pkg.Collect
 		return false
 	}
 
-	return slices.Contains(binaryCatalogerTypes, child.Type)
+	if slices.Contains(binaryCatalogerTypes, child.Type) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	if child.Metadata == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	childMetadataType := reflect.TypeOf(child.Metadata)
+
+	return slices.Contains(binaryMetadataTypes, childMetadataType.Name())
 }

internal/relationship/exclude_binaries_by_file_ownership_overlap_test.go

@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ func TestExclude(t *testing.T) {
 	packageB := pkg.Package{Name: "package-a", Type: pkg.PythonPkg}
 	packageC := pkg.Package{Name: "package-a", Type: pkg.BinaryPkg}
 	packageD := pkg.Package{Name: "package-d", Type: pkg.BinaryPkg}
-	for _, p := range []*pkg.Package{&packageA, &packageB, &packageC, &packageD} {
+	packageE := pkg.Package{Name: "package-e", Type: pkg.RpmPkg, Metadata: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{Type: "rpm"}}
+	packageF := pkg.Package{Name: "package-f", Type: pkg.RpmPkg, Metadata: pkg.BinarySignature{}}
+	for _, p := range []*pkg.Package{&packageA, &packageB, &packageC, &packageD, &packageE, &packageF} {
 		p := p
 		p.SetID()
 	}
@@ -43,6 +45,26 @@ func TestExclude(t *testing.T) {
 			packages:      pkg.NewCollection(packageA, packageC),
 			shouldExclude: true,
 		},
+		{
+			name: "exclusions from os -> elf binary (as RPM)",
+			relationship: artifact.Relationship{
+				Type: artifact.OwnershipByFileOverlapRelationship,
+				From: packageA,
+				To:   packageE,
+			},
+			packages:      pkg.NewCollection(packageA, packageE),
+			shouldExclude: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "exclusions from os -> binary (masquerading as RPM)",
+			relationship: artifact.Relationship{
+				Type: artifact.OwnershipByFileOverlapRelationship,
+				From: packageA,
+				To:   packageF,
+			},
+			packages:      pkg.NewCollection(packageA, packageF),
+			shouldExclude: true,
+		},
 		{
 			name: "no exclusions from python -> binary",
 			relationship: artifact.Relationship{

internal/set.go

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+// Set represents a generic set type.
+type Set[T comparable] map[T]struct{}
+
+// NewSet creates a new empty Set.
+func NewSet[T comparable](start ...T) Set[T] {
+	ret := make(Set[T])
+	for _, v := range start {
+		ret.Add(v)
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+// Add adds elements to the set.
+func (s Set[T]) Add(elements ...T) {
+	for _, e := range elements {
+		s[e] = struct{}{}
+	}
+}
+
+// Remove removes an element from the set.
+func (s Set[T]) Remove(element T) {
+	delete(s, element)
+}
+
+// Contains checks if an element is in the set.
+func (s Set[T]) Contains(element T) bool {
+	_, ok := s[element]
+	return ok
+}
+
+// ToSlice returns a sorted slice of elements in the set.
+func (s Set[T]) ToSlice() []T {
+	ret := make([]T, len(s))
+	idx := 0
+	for v := range s {
+		ret[idx] = v
+		idx++
+	}
+	sort.Slice(ret, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%v", ret[i]) < fmt.Sprintf("%v", ret[j])
+	})
+	return ret
+}
+
+// Equals checks if two sets are equal.
+func (s Set[T]) Equals(o Set[T]) bool {
+	if len(s) != len(o) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for k := range s {
+		if !o.Contains(k) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// Empty checks if the set is empty.
+func (s Set[T]) Empty() bool {
+	return len(s) == 0
+}

internal/set_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestNewSet(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		start  []int
+		result Set[int]
+	}{
+		{"empty set", []int{}, NewSet[int]()},
+		{"non-empty set", []int{1, 2, 3}, NewSet(1, 2, 3)},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			s := NewSet(tt.start...)
+			require.Equal(t, tt.result, s)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		input  []int
+		add    []int
+		result Set[int]
+	}{
+		{"add to empty set", []int{}, []int{1, 2, 3}, NewSet(1, 2, 3)},
+		{"add to non-empty set", []int{1}, []int{2, 3}, NewSet(1, 2, 3)},
+		{"add existing elements", []int{1, 2}, []int{2, 3}, NewSet(1, 2, 3)},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			s := NewSet(tt.input...)
+			s.Add(tt.add...)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.result, s)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemove(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		input  []int
+		remove int
+		result Set[int]
+	}{
+		{"remove from non-empty set", []int{1, 2, 3}, 2, NewSet(1, 3)},
+		{"remove non-existent element", []int{1, 2}, 3, NewSet(1, 2)},
+		{"remove from single-element set", []int{1}, 1, NewSet[int]()},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			s := NewSet(tt.input...)
+			s.Remove(tt.remove)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.result, s)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContains(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    []int
+		contains int
+		result   bool
+	}{
+		{"element in set", []int{1, 2, 3}, 2, true},
+		{"element not in set", []int{1, 2}, 3, false},
+		{"empty set", []int{}, 1, false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			s := NewSet(tt.input...)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.result, s.Contains(tt.contains))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestToSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		input  []int
+		result []int
+	}{
+		{"non-empty set", []int{3, 1, 2}, []int{1, 2, 3}},
+		{"empty set", []int{}, []int{}},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			s := NewSet(tt.input...)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.result, s.ToSlice())
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEquals(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		set1   []int
+		set2   []int
+		result bool
+	}{
+		{"equal sets", []int{1, 2, 3}, []int{3, 2, 1}, true},
+		{"different sets", []int{1, 2}, []int{2, 3}, false},
+		{"empty sets", []int{}, []int{}, true},
+		{"one empty set", []int{1, 2}, []int{}, false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			s1 := NewSet(tt.set1...)
+			s2 := NewSet(tt.set2...)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.result, s1.Equals(s2))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		input  []int
+		result bool
+	}{
+		{"non-empty set", []int{1}, false},
+		{"empty set", []int{}, true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			s := NewSet(tt.input...)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.result, s.Empty())
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/stringset.go

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-package internal
-
-import "sort"
-
-// StringSet represents a set of string types.
-type StringSet map[string]struct{}
-
-// NewStringSet creates a new empty StringSet.
-func NewStringSet(start ...string) StringSet {
-	ret := make(StringSet)
-	for _, s := range start {
-		ret.Add(s)
-	}
-	return ret
-}
-
-// Add a string to the set.
-func (s StringSet) Add(i ...string) {
-	for _, str := range i {
-		s[str] = struct{}{}
-	}
-}
-
-// Remove a string from the set.
-func (s StringSet) Remove(i string) {
-	delete(s, i)
-}
-
-// Contains indicates if the given string is contained within the set.
-func (s StringSet) Contains(i string) bool {
-	_, ok := s[i]
-	return ok
-}
-
-// ToSlice returns a sorted slice of strings that are contained within the set.
-func (s StringSet) ToSlice() []string {
-	ret := make([]string, len(s))
-	idx := 0
-	for v := range s {
-		ret[idx] = v
-		idx++
-	}
-	sort.Strings(ret)
-	return ret
-}
-
-func (s StringSet) Equals(o StringSet) bool {
-	if len(s) != len(o) {
-		return false
-	}
-	for k := range s {
-		if !o.Contains(k) {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-func (s StringSet) Empty() bool {
-	return len(s) < 1
-}

schema/cyclonedx/README.md

@@ -7,3 +7,12 @@ For this reason we've included a copy of all schemas needed to validate `syft` o
 to reference local copies of dependent schemas.
 
 You can get the latest schemas from the [CycloneDX specifications repo](https://github.com/CycloneDX/specification/tree/master/schema).
+
+When the spec version is bumped an approach to determining prior modifications is to compare the 
+prior spec version (e.g. if updating to 1.7, compare the files in this directory against the 1.6 
+equivalents). 
+
+One can also update the schemas and observe the errors in order to make the necessary updates. 
+At the time of writing, the cyclonedx.xsd needed modifications to link to the local spdx.xsd, 
+and also to changes the minOccurs for a license tag to 0. (The json schema does not require 
+modification for the generated file to lint properly, but can simply be copy/pasted).   

schema/cyclonedx/spdx.xsd

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
            elementFormDefault="qualified"
            targetNamespace="http://cyclonedx.org/schema/spdx"
-           version="1.0-3.23">
+           version="1.0-3.24.0">
 
     <xs:simpleType name="licenseId">
         <xs:restriction base="xs:string">
@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>BSD Zero Clause License</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="3D-Slicer-1.0">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>3D Slicer License v1.0</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="AAL">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Attribution Assurance License</xs:documentation>
@@ -117,6 +122,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>Aladdin Free Public License</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="AMD-newlib">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>AMD newlib License</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="AMDPLPA">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>AMD&apos;s plpa_map.c License</xs:documentation>
@@ -147,6 +157,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>ANTLR Software Rights Notice with license fallback</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="any-OSI">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>Any OSI License</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="Apache-1.0">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Apache License 1.0</xs:documentation>
@@ -322,6 +337,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>BSD 2-Clause - Ian Darwin variant</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="BSD-2-Clause-first-lines">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>BSD 2-Clause - first lines requirement</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="BSD-2-Clause-FreeBSD">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>BSD 2-Clause FreeBSD License</xs:documentation>
@@ -522,6 +542,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>Caldera License (without preamble)</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="Catharon">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>Catharon License</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="CATOSL-1.1">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Computer Associates Trusted Open Source License 1.1</xs:documentation>
@@ -1002,6 +1027,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>curl License</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="cve-tou">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>Common Vulnerability Enumeration ToU License</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="D-FSL-1.0">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Deutsche Freie Software Lizenz</xs:documentation>
@@ -1482,6 +1512,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>gtkbook License</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="Gutmann">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>Gutmann License</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="HaskellReport">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Haskell Language Report License</xs:documentation>
@@ -1532,11 +1567,21 @@
                     <xs:documentation>HPND with US Government export control warning</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="HPND-export-US-acknowledgement">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>HPND with US Government export control warning and acknowledgment</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="HPND-export-US-modify">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>HPND with US Government export control warning and modification rqmt</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="HPND-export2-US">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>HPND with US Government export control and 2 disclaimers</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="HPND-Fenneberg-Livingston">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer - Fenneberg-Livingston variant</xs:documentation>
@@ -1547,6 +1592,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer    - INRIA-IMAG variant</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="HPND-Intel">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer - Intel variant</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="HPND-Kevlin-Henney">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer - Kevlin Henney variant</xs:documentation>
@@ -1557,6 +1607,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer - Markus Kuhn variant</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="HPND-merchantability-variant">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer - merchantability variant</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="HPND-MIT-disclaimer">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer with MIT disclaimer</xs:documentation>
@@ -1587,11 +1642,21 @@
                     <xs:documentation>HPND sell variant with MIT disclaimer</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="HPND-sell-variant-MIT-disclaimer-rev">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>HPND sell variant with MIT disclaimer - reverse</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="HPND-UC">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer - University of California variant</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="HPND-UC-export-US">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer - University of California, US export warning</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="HTMLTIDY">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>HTML Tidy License</xs:documentation>
@@ -2027,6 +2092,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>MIT Festival Variant</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="MIT-Khronos-old">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>MIT Khronos - old variant</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="MIT-Modern-Variant">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>MIT License Modern Variant</xs:documentation>
@@ -2162,11 +2232,21 @@
                     <xs:documentation>Net Boolean Public License v1</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="NCBI-PD">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>NCBI Public Domain Notice</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="NCGL-UK-2.0">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Non-Commercial Government Licence</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="NCL">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>NCL Source Code License</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="NCSA">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License</xs:documentation>
@@ -2282,6 +2362,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>Open Use of Data Agreement v1.0</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="OAR">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>OAR License</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="OCCT-PL">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Open CASCADE Technology Public License</xs:documentation>
@@ -2562,6 +2647,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>Pixar License</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="pkgconf">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>pkgconf License</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="Plexus">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Plexus Classworlds License</xs:documentation>
@@ -2587,6 +2677,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>PostgreSQL License</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="PPL">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>Peer Production License</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="PSF-2.0">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Python Software Foundation License 2.0</xs:documentation>
@@ -2862,6 +2957,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>Sun PPP License</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="Sun-PPP-2000">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>Sun PPP License (2000)</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="SunPro">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>SunPro License</xs:documentation>
@@ -2907,6 +3007,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>Transitive Grace Period Public Licence 1.0</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="threeparttable">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>threeparttable License</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="TMate">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>TMate Open Source License</xs:documentation>
@@ -3132,6 +3237,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>XSkat License</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="xzoom">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>xzoom License</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="YPL-1.0">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Yahoo! Public License v1.0</xs:documentation>
@@ -3203,6 +3313,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>Asterisk exception</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="Asterisk-linking-protocols-exception">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>Asterisk linking protocols exception</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="Autoconf-exception-2.0">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>Autoconf exception 2.0</xs:documentation>
@@ -3438,6 +3553,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>OpenVPN OpenSSL Exception</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="PCRE2-exception">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>PCRE2 exception</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="PS-or-PDF-font-exception-20170817">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>PS/PDF font exception (2017-08-17)</xs:documentation>
@@ -3463,6 +3583,11 @@
                     <xs:documentation>Qwt exception 1.0</xs:documentation>
                 </xs:annotation>
             </xs:enumeration>
+            <xs:enumeration value="RRDtool-FLOSS-exception-2.0">
+                <xs:annotation>
+                    <xs:documentation>RRDtool FLOSS exception 2.0</xs:documentation>
+                </xs:annotation>
+            </xs:enumeration>
             <xs:enumeration value="SANE-exception">
                 <xs:annotation>
                     <xs:documentation>SANE Exception</xs:documentation>

schema/json/schema-latest.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
-  "$id": "anchore.io/schema/syft/json/16.0.12/document",
+  "$id": "anchore.io/schema/syft/json/16.0.14/document",
   "$ref": "#/$defs/Document",
   "$defs": {
     "AlpmDbEntry": {
@@ -647,12 +647,24 @@
         "type": {
           "type": "string"
         },
-        "vendor": {
+        "architecture": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "osCPE": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "os": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "osVersion": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "system": {
           "type": "string"
         },
+        "vendor": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
         "sourceRepo": {
           "type": "string"
         },
@@ -2051,15 +2063,74 @@
         "index"
       ]
     },
-    "PythonPoetryLockEntry": {
+    "PythonPoetryLockDependencyEntry": {
       "properties": {
-        "index": {
+        "name": {
           "type": "string"
+        },
+        "version": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "optional": {
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
+        "markers": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "extras": {
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "type": "array"
         }
       },
       "type": "object",
       "required": [
-        "index"
+        "name",
+        "version",
+        "optional"
+      ]
+    },
+    "PythonPoetryLockEntry": {
+      "properties": {
+        "index": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "dependencies": {
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/PythonPoetryLockDependencyEntry"
+          },
+          "type": "array"
+        },
+        "extras": {
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/PythonPoetryLockExtraEntry"
+          },
+          "type": "array"
+        }
+      },
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "index",
+        "dependencies"
+      ]
+    },
+    "PythonPoetryLockExtraEntry": {
+      "properties": {
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "dependencies": {
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "type": "array"
+        }
+      },
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "name",
+        "dependencies"
       ]
     },
     "RDescription": {

syft/cpe/by_source_then_specificity_test.go

@@ -64,6 +64,28 @@ func TestBySourceThenSpecificity(t *testing.T) {
 				Must("cpe:2.3:a:some:package:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "some-unknown-source"),
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "lexical sorting on equal sources puts escaped characters later",
+			input: []CPE{
+				Must("cpe:2.3:a:jenkins:pipeline\\\\:_supporting_apis:865.v43e78cc44e0d:*:*:*:*:jenkins:*:*", "nvd-cpe-dictionary"),
+				Must("cpe:2.3:a:jenkins:pipeline_supporting_apis:865.v43e78cc44e0d:*:*:*:*:jenkins:*:*", "nvd-cpe-dictionary"),
+			},
+			want: []CPE{
+				Must("cpe:2.3:a:jenkins:pipeline_supporting_apis:865.v43e78cc44e0d:*:*:*:*:jenkins:*:*", "nvd-cpe-dictionary"),
+				Must("cpe:2.3:a:jenkins:pipeline\\\\:_supporting_apis:865.v43e78cc44e0d:*:*:*:*:jenkins:*:*", "nvd-cpe-dictionary"),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "lexical sorting on equal sources puts more specific attributes earlier",
+			input: []CPE{
+				Must("cpe:2.3:a:jenkins:mailer:472.vf7c289a_4b_420:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "nvd-cpe-dictionary"),
+				Must("cpe:2.3:a:jenkins:mailer:472.vf7c289a_4b_420:*:*:*:*:jenkins:*:*", "nvd-cpe-dictionary"),
+			},
+			want: []CPE{
+				Must("cpe:2.3:a:jenkins:mailer:472.vf7c289a_4b_420:*:*:*:*:jenkins:*:*", "nvd-cpe-dictionary"),
+				Must("cpe:2.3:a:jenkins:mailer:472.vf7c289a_4b_420:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", "nvd-cpe-dictionary"),
+			},
+		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {

syft/format/cyclonedxjson/test-fixtures/identify/1.6.json

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://cyclonedx.org/schema/bom-1.5.schema.json",
+  "bomFormat": "CycloneDX",
+  "specVersion": "1.6",
+  "serialNumber": "urn:uuid:5208fea9-73dd-4624-b596-69fddccdb9e7",
+  "version": 1,
+  "metadata": {
+    "timestamp": "2023-09-29T12:02:02-04:00",
+    "tools": [
+      {
+        "vendor": "anchore",
+        "name": "syft",
+        "version": "[not provided]"
+      }
+    ],
+    "component": {
+      "bom-ref": "a0ff99a6af10f11f",
+      "type": "file",
+      "name": "go.mod",
+      "version": "sha256:sha256:dc333f342905248a52e424d8dfd061251d01867d01a4f9d7397144a775ff9ebd"
+    }
+  },
+  "components": [
+    {
+      "bom-ref": "pkg:golang/github.com/wagoodman/go-partybus@v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651?package-id=2ff71a67fb024c86",
+      "type": "library",
+      "name": "github.com/wagoodman/go-partybus",
+      "version": "v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651",
+      "cpe": "cpe:2.3:a:wagoodman:go-partybus:v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
+      "purl": "pkg:golang/github.com/wagoodman/go-partybus@v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651",
+      "properties": [
+        {
+          "name": "syft:package:foundBy",
+          "value": "go-module-file-cataloger"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "syft:package:language",
+          "value": "go"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "syft:package:metadataType",
+          "value": "GolangModMetadata"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "syft:package:type",
+          "value": "go-module"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "syft:cpe23",
+          "value": "cpe:2.3:a:wagoodman:go_partybus:v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "syft:location:0:path",
+          "value": "/go.mod"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}

syft/format/cyclonedxjson/test-fixtures/identify/micronaut-1.6.json

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+    "bomFormat": "CycloneDX",
+    "specVersion": "1.6",
+    "version": 1,
+    "components": [
+        {
+            "type": "library",
+            "group": "io.netty",
+            "name": "netty-codec-http2",
+            "version": "4.1.73.Final",
+            "properties": [
+                {
+                    "name": "syft:cpe23",
+                    "value": "cpe:2.3:a:codec:codec:4.1.73.Final:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "syft:cpe23",
+                    "value": "cpe:2.3:a:codec:netty-codec-http2:4.1.73.Final:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "syft:cpe23",
+                    "value": "cpe:2.3:a:codec:netty_codec_http2:4.1.73.Final:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
+                }
+            ]
+        }
+    ],
+    "serialNumber": "urn:uuid:3eb5ec7a-cb05-4339-b873-e27b1c1efaba"
+}

syft/format/cyclonedxjson/test-fixtures/snapshot/TestCycloneDxDirectoryEncoder.golden

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
-  "$schema": "http://cyclonedx.org/schema/bom-1.5.schema.json",
+  "$schema": "http://cyclonedx.org/schema/bom-1.6.schema.json",
   "bomFormat": "CycloneDX",
-  "specVersion": "1.5",
+  "specVersion": "1.6",
   "serialNumber": "urn:uuid:redacted",
   "version": 1,
   "metadata": {

syft/format/cyclonedxjson/test-fixtures/snapshot/TestCycloneDxImageEncoder.golden

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
-  "$schema": "http://cyclonedx.org/schema/bom-1.5.schema.json",
+  "$schema": "http://cyclonedx.org/schema/bom-1.6.schema.json",
   "bomFormat": "CycloneDX",
-  "specVersion": "1.5",
+  "specVersion": "1.6",
   "serialNumber": "urn:uuid:redacted",
   "version": 1,
   "metadata": {

syft/format/cyclonedxxml/test-fixtures/identify/1.6.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<bom xmlns="http://cyclonedx.org/schema/bom/1.6" serialNumber="urn:uuid:098e8516-ecd5-4130-9d5f-c32ba1ddb0dd" version="1">
+  <metadata>
+    <timestamp>2023-09-29T11:48:10-04:00</timestamp>
+    <tools>
+      <tool>
+        <vendor>anchore</vendor>
+        <name>syft</name>
+        <version>[not provided]</version>
+      </tool>
+    </tools>
+    <component bom-ref="a0ff99a6af10f11f" type="file">
+      <name>go.mod</name>
+      <version>sha256:sha256:dc333f342905248a52e424d8dfd061251d01867d01a4f9d7397144a775ff9ebd</version>
+    </component>
+  </metadata>
+  <components>
+    <component bom-ref="pkg:golang/github.com/wagoodman/go-partybus@v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651?package-id=2ff71a67fb024c86" type="library">
+      <name>github.com/wagoodman/go-partybus</name>
+      <version>v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651</version>
+      <cpe>cpe:2.3:a:wagoodman:go-partybus:v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651:*:*:*:*:*:*:*</cpe>
+      <purl>pkg:golang/github.com/wagoodman/go-partybus@v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651</purl>
+      <properties>
+        <property name="syft:package:foundBy">go-module-file-cataloger</property>
+        <property name="syft:package:language">go</property>
+        <property name="syft:package:metadataType">GolangModMetadata</property>
+        <property name="syft:package:type">go-module</property>
+        <property name="syft:cpe23">cpe:2.3:a:wagoodman:go_partybus:v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651:*:*:*:*:*:*:*</property>
+        <property name="syft:location:0:path">/go.mod</property>
+      </properties>
+    </component>
+  </components>
+</bom>

syft/format/cyclonedxxml/test-fixtures/snapshot/TestCycloneDxDirectoryEncoder.golden

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<bom xmlns="http://cyclonedx.org/schema/bom/1.5" serialNumber="redacted" version="1">
+<bom xmlns="http://cyclonedx.org/schema/bom/1.6" serialNumber="redacted" version="1">
   <metadata>
     <timestamp>redacted</timestamp>
     <tools>

syft/format/cyclonedxxml/test-fixtures/snapshot/TestCycloneDxImageEncoder.golden

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<bom xmlns="http://cyclonedx.org/schema/bom/1.5" serialNumber="redacted" version="1">
+<bom xmlns="http://cyclonedx.org/schema/bom/1.6" serialNumber="redacted" version="1">
   <metadata>
     <timestamp>redacted</timestamp>
     <tools>

syft/format/internal/cyclonedxutil/encoder.go

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/sbom"
 )
 
-const DefaultVersion = "1.5"
+const DefaultVersion = "1.6"
 
 type Encoder struct {
 	version cyclonedx.SpecVersion

syft/format/internal/cyclonedxutil/versions.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ func SupportedVersions(id sbom.FormatID) []string {
 		"1.3",
 		"1.4",
 		"1.5",
+		"1.6",
 	}
 
 	if id != JSONFormatID {
@@ -43,6 +44,8 @@ func SpecVersionFromString(v string) (cyclonedx.SpecVersion, error) {
 		return cyclonedx.SpecVersion1_4, nil
 	case "1.5":
 		return cyclonedx.SpecVersion1_5, nil
+	case "1.6":
+		return cyclonedx.SpecVersion1_6, nil
 	}
 	return -1, fmt.Errorf("unsupported CycloneDX version %q", v)
 }
@@ -61,6 +64,8 @@ func VersionFromSpecVersion(spec cyclonedx.SpecVersion) string {
 		return "1.4"
 	case cyclonedx.SpecVersion1_5:
 		return "1.5"
+	case cyclonedx.SpecVersion1_6:
+		return "1.6"
 	}
 	return ""
 }

syft/format/internal/spdxutil/helpers/download_location.go

@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ func DownloadLocation(p pkg.Package) string {
 			return NoneIfEmpty(metadata.URL)
 		case pkg.NpmPackageLockEntry:
 			return NoneIfEmpty(metadata.Resolved)
+		case pkg.PhpComposerLockEntry:
+			return NoneIfEmpty(metadata.Dist.URL)
+		case pkg.PhpComposerInstalledEntry:
+			return NoneIfEmpty(metadata.Dist.URL)
 		}
 	}
 	return NOASSERTION

syft/format/internal/spdxutil/helpers/download_location_test.go

@@ -64,6 +64,50 @@ func Test_DownloadLocation(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			expected: NONE,
 		},
+		{
+			name: "from php installed.json",
+			input: pkg.Package{
+				Metadata: pkg.PhpComposerInstalledEntry{
+					Dist: pkg.PhpComposerExternalReference{
+						URL: "http://package-lock.test",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expected: "http://package-lock.test",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "empty",
+			input: pkg.Package{
+				Metadata: pkg.PhpComposerInstalledEntry{
+					Dist: pkg.PhpComposerExternalReference{
+						URL: "",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expected: "NONE",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "from php composer.lock",
+			input: pkg.Package{
+				Metadata: pkg.PhpComposerLockEntry{
+					Dist: pkg.PhpComposerExternalReference{
+						URL: "http://package-lock.test",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expected: "http://package-lock.test",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "empty",
+			input: pkg.Package{
+				Metadata: pkg.PhpComposerLockEntry{
+					Dist: pkg.PhpComposerExternalReference{
+						URL: "",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			expected: "NONE",
+		},
 	}
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {

syft/internal/fileresolver/directory_indexer.go

@@ -9,13 +9,11 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo"
 	"github.com/wagoodman/go-partybus"
 	"github.com/wagoodman/go-progress"
 
 	"github.com/anchore/stereoscope/pkg/file"
 	"github.com/anchore/stereoscope/pkg/filetree"
-	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/bus"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/log"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/event"
@@ -43,7 +41,8 @@ func newDirectoryIndexer(path, base string, visitors ...PathIndexVisitor) *direc
 			[]PathIndexVisitor{
 				requireFileInfo,
 				disallowByFileType,
-				newUnixSystemMountFinder().disallowUnixSystemRuntimePath},
+				skipPathsByMountTypeAndName(path),
+			},
 			visitors...,
 		),
 		errPaths: make(map[string]error),
@@ -450,57 +449,6 @@ func (r *directoryIndexer) disallowRevisitingVisitor(_, path string, _ os.FileIn
 	return nil
 }
 
-type unixSystemMountFinder struct {
-	disallowedMountPaths []string
-}
-
-func newUnixSystemMountFinder() unixSystemMountFinder {
-	infos, err := mountinfo.GetMounts(nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.WithFields("error", err).Warnf("unable to get system mounts")
-		return unixSystemMountFinder{}
-	}
-
-	return unixSystemMountFinder{
-		disallowedMountPaths: keepUnixSystemMountPaths(infos),
-	}
-}
-
-func keepUnixSystemMountPaths(infos []*mountinfo.Info) []string {
-	var mountPaths []string
-	for _, info := range infos {
-		if info == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		// we're only interested in ignoring the logical filesystems typically found at these mount points:
-		// - /proc
-		//     - procfs
-		//     - proc
-		// - /sys
-		//     - sysfs
-		// - /dev
-		//     - devfs - BSD/darwin flavored systems and old linux systems
-		//     - devtmpfs - driver core maintained /dev tmpfs
-		//     - udev - userspace implementation that replaced devfs
-		//     - tmpfs - used for /dev in special instances (within a container)
-
-		switch info.FSType {
-		case "proc", "procfs", "sysfs", "devfs", "devtmpfs", "udev", "tmpfs":
-			log.WithFields("mountpoint", info.Mountpoint).Debug("ignoring system mountpoint")
-
-			mountPaths = append(mountPaths, info.Mountpoint)
-		}
-	}
-	return mountPaths
-}
-
-func (f unixSystemMountFinder) disallowUnixSystemRuntimePath(_, path string, _ os.FileInfo, _ error) error {
-	if internal.HasAnyOfPrefixes(path, f.disallowedMountPaths...) {
-		return fs.SkipDir
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func disallowByFileType(_, _ string, info os.FileInfo, _ error) error {
 	if info == nil {
 		// we can't filter out by filetype for non-existent files

syft/internal/fileresolver/directory_indexer_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
-	"github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo"
 	"github.com/scylladb/go-set/strset"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -462,145 +461,3 @@ func relativePath(basePath, givenPath string) string {
 
 	return relPath
 }
-
-func Test_disallowUnixSystemRuntimePath(t *testing.T) {
-	unixSubject := unixSystemMountFinder{
-		// mock out detecting the mount points
-		disallowedMountPaths: []string{"/proc", "/sys", "/dev"},
-	}
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name     string
-		path     string
-		base     string
-		expected error
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "relative path to proc is allowed",
-			path: "proc/place",
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "relative path within proc is not allowed",
-			path:     "/proc/place",
-			expected: fs.SkipDir,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "path exactly to proc is not allowed",
-			path:     "/proc",
-			expected: fs.SkipDir,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "similar to proc",
-			path: "/pro/c",
-		},
-		{
-			name: "similar to proc",
-			path: "/pro",
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "dev is not allowed",
-			path:     "/dev",
-			expected: fs.SkipDir,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "sys is not allowed",
-			path:     "/sys",
-			expected: fs.SkipDir,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "unrelated allowed path",
-			path: "/something/sys",
-		},
-		{
-			name: "do not consider base when matching paths (non-matching)",
-			base: "/a/b/c",
-			path: "/a/b/c/dev",
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "do not consider base when matching paths (matching)",
-			base:     "/a/b/c",
-			path:     "/dev",
-			expected: fs.SkipDir,
-		},
-	}
-	for _, test := range tests {
-		t.Run(test.path, func(t *testing.T) {
-			assert.Equal(t, test.expected, unixSubject.disallowUnixSystemRuntimePath(test.base, test.path, nil, nil))
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func Test_keepUnixSystemMountPaths(t *testing.T) {
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name  string
-		infos []*mountinfo.Info
-		want  []string
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "all valid filesystems",
-			infos: []*mountinfo.Info{
-				{
-					Mountpoint: "/etc/hostname",
-					FSType:     "/dev/vda1",
-				},
-				{
-					Mountpoint: "/sys/fs/cgroup",
-					FSType:     "cgroup",
-				},
-				{
-					Mountpoint: "/",
-					FSType:     "overlay",
-				},
-			},
-			want: nil,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "no valid filesystems",
-			infos: []*mountinfo.Info{
-				{
-					Mountpoint: "/proc",
-					FSType:     "proc",
-				},
-				{
-					Mountpoint: "/proc-2",
-					FSType:     "procfs",
-				},
-				{
-					Mountpoint: "/sys",
-					FSType:     "sysfs",
-				},
-				{
-					Mountpoint: "/dev",
-					FSType:     "devfs",
-				},
-				{
-					Mountpoint: "/dev-u",
-					FSType:     "udev",
-				},
-				{
-					Mountpoint: "/dev-tmp",
-					FSType:     "devtmpfs",
-				},
-				{
-					Mountpoint: "/run",
-					FSType:     "tmpfs",
-				},
-			},
-			want: []string{
-				"/proc",
-				"/proc-2",
-				"/sys",
-				"/dev",
-				"/dev-u",
-				"/dev-tmp",
-				"/run",
-			},
-		},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, keepUnixSystemMountPaths(tt.infos))
-		})
-	}
-}

syft/internal/fileresolver/path_skipper.go

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package fileresolver
+
+import (
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/log"
+)
+
+type pathSkipper struct {
+	// scanTarget is the root path that is being scanned (without any base-path logic applied).
+	scanTarget string
+
+	// ignorableMountTypes is a set of mount types that should be ignored. Optionally a list of paths (the map values)
+	// can be provided that this mount type should be ignored at.  For example in some containers /dev is mounted
+	// as a tmpfs and should be ignored, but /tmp should not be ignored. An empty list of paths means that paths
+	// within the mount type should always be ignored.
+	ignorableMountTypes map[string][]string
+
+	// current mount paths for the current system
+	mounts       []*mountinfo.Info
+	mountsByType map[string][]*mountinfo.Info
+}
+
+// skipPathsByMountTypeAndName accepts the root path and returns a PathIndexVisitor that will skip paths based
+// the filesystem type, the mountpoint, and configured blocklist paths for each filesystem type.
+// This will help syft dodge filesystem topologies that have the potential to make the search space much bigger in
+// areas known to not traditionally contain files of interest (installed software).  It is meant to allow scanning
+// "/" on a unix host to succeed, while also not causing any files in a narrow directory scan to be skipped unnecessarily.
+func skipPathsByMountTypeAndName(root string) PathIndexVisitor {
+	infos, err := mountinfo.GetMounts(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithFields("error", err).Warnf("unable to get system mounts")
+		return func(_ string, _ string, _ os.FileInfo, _ error) error {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return newPathSkipperFromMounts(root, infos).pathIndexVisitor
+}
+
+func newPathSkipperFromMounts(root string, infos []*mountinfo.Info) pathSkipper {
+	// we're only interested in ignoring the logical filesystems typically found at these mount points:
+	// - /proc
+	//     - procfs
+	//     - proc
+	// - /sys
+	//     - sysfs
+	// - /dev
+	//     - devfs - BSD/darwin flavored systems and old linux systems
+	//     - devtmpfs - driver core maintained /dev tmpfs
+	//     - udev - userspace implementation that replaced devfs
+	//     - tmpfs - used for /dev in special instances (within a container)
+	ignorableMountTypes := map[string][]string{
+		"proc":     nil,
+		"procfs":   nil,
+		"sysfs":    nil,
+		"devfs":    nil,
+		"devtmpfs": nil,
+		"udev":     nil,
+		// note: there should be no order required (e.g. search /sys/thing before /sys) since that would imply that
+		// we could not ignore a nested path within a path that would be ignored anyway.
+		"tmpfs": {"/run", "/dev", "/var/run", "/var/lock", "/sys"},
+	}
+
+	// The longest path is the most specific path, e.g.
+	// if / is mounted as tmpfs, but /home/syft/permanent is mounted as ext4,
+	// then the mount type for /home/syft/permanent/foo is ext4, and the mount info
+	// stating that /home/syft/permanent is ext4 has the longer mount point.
+	sort.Slice(infos, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return len(infos[i].Mountpoint) > len(infos[j].Mountpoint)
+	})
+
+	mountsByType := make(map[string][]*mountinfo.Info)
+
+	for _, mi := range infos {
+		mountsByType[mi.FSType] = append(mountsByType[mi.FSType], mi)
+	}
+
+	return pathSkipper{
+		scanTarget:          root,
+		ignorableMountTypes: ignorableMountTypes,
+		mounts:              infos,
+		mountsByType:        mountsByType,
+	}
+}
+
+func (ps pathSkipper) pathIndexVisitor(_ string, givenPath string, _ os.FileInfo, _ error) error {
+	for _, mi := range ps.mounts {
+		conditionalPaths, ignorable := ps.ignorableMountTypes[mi.FSType]
+
+		if len(conditionalPaths) == 0 {
+			// Rule 1: ignore any path within a mount point that is of the given filesystem type unconditionally
+			if !containsPath(givenPath, mi.Mountpoint) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if !ignorable {
+				// we've matched on the most specific path at this point, which means we should stop searching
+				// mount points for this path
+				break
+			}
+
+			log.WithFields(
+				"path", givenPath,
+				"mountpoint", mi.Mountpoint,
+				"fs", mi.FSType,
+			).Debug("ignoring path based on mountpoint filesystem type")
+
+			return fs.SkipDir
+		}
+
+		// Rule 2: ignore any path within a mount point that is of the given filesystem type, only if
+		// the path is on a known blocklist of paths for that filesystem type.
+		// For example: /dev can be mounted as a tmpfs, which should always be skipped.
+		for _, conditionalPath := range conditionalPaths {
+			if !containsPath(givenPath, conditionalPath) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			log.WithFields(
+				"path", givenPath,
+				"mountpoint", mi.Mountpoint,
+				"fs", mi.FSType,
+				"condition", conditionalPath,
+			).Debug("ignoring path based on mountpoint filesystem type")
+
+			return fs.SkipDir
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func containsPath(p1, p2 string) bool {
+	p1Clean := simpleClean(p1)
+	p2Clean := simpleClean(p2)
+	if p1Clean == p2Clean {
+		return true
+	}
+	return strings.HasPrefix(p1Clean, p2Clean+"/")
+}
+
+func simpleClean(p string) string {
+	p = strings.TrimSpace(p)
+	if p == "" {
+		return "."
+	}
+	if p == "/" {
+		return "/"
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSuffix(p, "/")
+}

syft/internal/fileresolver/path_skipper_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+package fileresolver
+
+import (
+	"io/fs"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func Test_newPathSkipper(t *testing.T) {
+	type expect struct {
+		path    string
+		wantErr assert.ErrorAssertionFunc
+	}
+	unixSubject := []*mountinfo.Info{
+		{
+			Mountpoint: "/proc",
+			FSType:     "procfs",
+		},
+		{
+			Mountpoint: "/sys",
+			FSType:     "sysfs",
+		},
+		{
+			Mountpoint: "/dev",
+			FSType:     "devfs",
+		},
+		{
+			Mountpoint: "/",
+			FSType:     "/dev/disk3s1s1",
+		},
+		{
+			Mountpoint: "/dev/shm",
+			FSType:     "shm",
+		},
+		{
+			Mountpoint: "/tmp",
+			FSType:     "tmpfs",
+		},
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		root   string
+		base   string
+		mounts []*mountinfo.Info
+		want   []expect
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "happy path",
+			root: "/somewhere",
+			mounts: []*mountinfo.Info{
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/home/somewhere/else",
+					FSType:     "/dev/disk3s6",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/somewhere",
+					FSType:     "/dev/disk3s7",
+				},
+			},
+			want: []expect{
+				{
+					// within a known mountpoint with valid type (1)
+					path: "/somewhere/dev",
+				},
+				{
+					// is a known mountpoint with valid type
+					path: "/somewhere",
+				},
+				{
+					// within a known mountpoint with valid type (2)
+					path: "/home/somewhere/else/too",
+				},
+				{
+					// outside of any known mountpoint should not be an error
+					path: "/bogus",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ignore paths within a scan target",
+			root: "/somewhere",
+			mounts: []*mountinfo.Info{
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/somewhere/doesnt/matter/proc",
+					FSType:     "procfs",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/somewhere",
+					FSType:     "/dev/disk3s7",
+				},
+			},
+			want: []expect{
+				{
+					// within a known mountpoint with valid type (1)
+					path: "/somewhere/dev",
+				},
+				{
+					// is a known mountpoint with valid type
+					path: "/somewhere",
+				},
+				{
+					// mountpoint that should be ignored
+					path:    "/somewhere/doesnt/matter/proc",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				{
+					// within a mountpoint that should be ignored
+					path:    "/somewhere/doesnt/matter/proc",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "nested mountpoints behave correctly",
+			root: "/somewhere",
+			mounts: []*mountinfo.Info{
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/somewhere/dev",
+					FSType:     "devfs",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/somewhere/dev/includeme",
+					FSType:     "/dev/disk3s7",
+				},
+			},
+			want: []expect{
+				{
+					// is a known mountpoint with valid type
+					path:    "/somewhere/dev",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				{
+					// is a known mountpoint with valid type
+					path: "/somewhere/dev/includeme",
+				},
+				{
+					// within a known mountpoint with valid type
+					path: "/somewhere/dev/includeme/too!",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "keep some tmpfs mounts conditionally",
+			root: "/",
+			mounts: []*mountinfo.Info{
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/run/somewhere",
+					FSType:     "tmpfs",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/run/terrafirma",
+					FSType:     "/dev/disk3s8",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/tmp",
+					FSType:     "tmpfs",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/else/othertmp",
+					FSType:     "tmpfs",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/else/othertmp/includeme",
+					FSType:     "/dev/disk3s7",
+				},
+			},
+			want: []expect{
+				{
+					// since /run is explicitly ignored, this should be skipped
+					path:    "/run/somewhere/else",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				{
+					path: "/run/terrafirma",
+				},
+				{
+					path: "/run/terrafirma/nested",
+				},
+				{
+					path: "/tmp",
+				},
+				{
+					path: "/else/othertmp/includeme",
+				},
+				{
+					path: "/else/othertmp/includeme/nested",
+				},
+				{
+					// no mount path, so we should include it
+					path: "/somewhere/dev/includeme",
+				},
+				{
+					// keep additional tmpfs mounts that are not explicitly ignored
+					path: "/else/othertmp",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ignore known trixy tmpfs paths",
+			root: "/",
+			mounts: []*mountinfo.Info{
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/",
+					FSType:     "/dev/disk3s7",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/dev",
+					FSType:     "tmpfs",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/run",
+					FSType:     "tmpfs",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/var/run",
+					FSType:     "tmpfs",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/var/lock",
+					FSType:     "tmpfs",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/sys",
+					FSType:     "tmpfs",
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/tmp",
+					FSType:     "tmpfs",
+				},
+			},
+			want: []expect{
+				{
+					path:    "/dev",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				{
+					path:    "/run",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				{
+					path:    "/var/run",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				{
+					path:    "/var/lock",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				{
+					path:    "/sys",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				// show that we honor ignoring nested paths
+				{
+					path:    "/sys/nested",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				// show that paths outside of the known mountpoints are not skipped
+				{
+					path: "/stuff",
+				},
+				// show that we allow other tmpfs paths that are not on the blocklist
+				{
+					path: "/tmp/allowed",
+				},
+				// show sibling paths with same prefix (e.g. /sys vs /system) to that of not allowed paths are not skipped
+				{
+					path: "/system",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "test unix paths",
+			mounts: unixSubject,
+			root:   "/",
+			want: []expect{
+				{
+					// relative path to proc is allowed
+					path: "proc/place",
+				},
+				{
+					// relative path within proc is not allowed
+					path:    "/proc/place",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				{
+					// path exactly to proc is not allowed
+					path:    "/proc",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				{
+					// similar to proc
+					path: "/pro/c",
+				},
+				{
+					// similar to proc
+					path: "/pro",
+				},
+				{
+					// dev is not allowed
+					path:    "/dev",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+				{
+					// sys is not allowed
+					path:    "/sys",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "test unix paths with base",
+			mounts: unixSubject,
+			root:   "/",
+			base:   "/a/b/c",
+			want: []expect{
+				{
+					// do not consider base when matching paths (non-matching)
+					path: "/a/b/c/dev",
+				},
+				{
+					// do not consider base when matching paths (matching)
+					path:    "/dev",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mimic nixos setup",
+			root: "/",
+			mounts: []*mountinfo.Info{
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/",
+					FSType:     "tmpfs", // this is an odd setup, but valid
+				},
+				{
+					Mountpoint: "/home",
+					FSType:     "/dev/disk3s7",
+				},
+			},
+			want: []expect{
+				{
+					path: "/home/somewhere",
+				},
+				{
+					path: "/home",
+				},
+				{
+					path: "/somewhere",
+				},
+				{
+					// still not allowed...
+					path:    "/run",
+					wantErr: assertSkipErr(),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if tt.base == "" {
+				tt.base = tt.root
+			}
+
+			require.NotEmpty(t, tt.want)
+			ps := newPathSkipperFromMounts(tt.root, tt.mounts)
+
+			for _, exp := range tt.want {
+				t.Run(exp.path, func(t *testing.T) {
+
+					got := ps.pathIndexVisitor(tt.base, exp.path, nil, nil)
+					if exp.wantErr == nil {
+						assert.NoError(t, got)
+						return
+					}
+					exp.wantErr(t, got)
+
+				})
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func assertSkipErr() assert.ErrorAssertionFunc {
+	return assertErrorIs(fs.SkipDir)
+}
+
+func assertErrorIs(want error) assert.ErrorAssertionFunc {
+	return func(t assert.TestingT, got error, msgAndArgs ...interface{}) bool {
+		return assert.ErrorIs(t, got, want, msgAndArgs...)
+	}
+}

syft/pkg/binary.go

@@ -15,9 +15,34 @@ type ClassifierMatch struct {
 
 // ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload Represents metadata captured from the .note.package section of the binary
 type ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload struct {
-	Type       string `json:"type,omitempty"`
-	Vendor     string `json:"vendor,omitempty"`
-	System     string `json:"system,omitempty"`
+	// these are well-known fields as defined by systemd ELF package metadata "spec" https://systemd.io/ELF_PACKAGE_METADATA/
+
+	// Type is the type of the package (e.g. "rpm", "deb", "apk", etc.)
+	Type string `json:"type,omitempty"`
+
+	// Architecture of the binary package (e.g. "amd64", "arm", etc.)
+	Architecture string `json:"architecture,omitempty"`
+
+	// OS CPE is a CPE name for the OS, typically corresponding to CPE_NAME in os-release (e.g. cpe:/o:fedoraproject:fedora:33)
+	OSCPE string `json:"osCPE,omitempty"`
+
+	// OS is the OS name, typically corresponding to ID in os-release (e.g. "fedora")
+	OS string `json:"os,omitempty"`
+
+	// osVersion is the version of the OS, typically corresponding to VERSION_ID in os-release (e.g. "33")
+	OSVersion string `json:"osVersion,omitempty"`
+
+	// these are additional fields that are not part of the systemd spec
+
+	// System is a context-specific name for the system that the binary package is intended to run on or a part of
+	System string `json:"system,omitempty"`
+
+	// Vendor is the individual or organization that produced the source code for the binary
+	Vendor string `json:"vendor,omitempty"`
+
+	// SourceRepo is the URL to the source repository for which the binary was built from
 	SourceRepo string `json:"sourceRepo,omitempty"`
-	Commit     string `json:"commit,omitempty"`
+
+	// Commit is the commit hash of the source repository for which the binary was built from
+	Commit string `json:"commit,omitempty"`
 }

syft/pkg/cataloger/alpine/dependency.go

@@ -22,8 +22,10 @@ func dbEntryDependencySpecifier(p pkg.Package) dependency.Specification {
 	provides = append(provides, stripVersionSpecifiers(meta.Provides)...)
 
 	return dependency.Specification{
-		Provides: provides,
-		Requires: stripVersionSpecifiers(meta.Dependencies),
+		ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+			Provides: provides,
+			Requires: stripVersionSpecifiers(meta.Dependencies),
+		},
 	}
 }
 

syft/pkg/cataloger/alpine/dependency_test.go

@@ -25,8 +25,10 @@ func Test_dbEntryDependencySpecifier(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			want: dependency.Specification{
-				Provides: []string{"package-c", "a-thing"},
-				Requires: []string{"b-thing"},
+				ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+					Provides: []string{"package-c", "a-thing"},
+					Requires: []string{"b-thing"},
+				},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -39,8 +41,10 @@ func Test_dbEntryDependencySpecifier(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			want: dependency.Specification{
-				Provides: []string{"package-a", "so:libc.musl-x86_64.so.1"},
-				Requires: []string{"so:libc.musl-x86_64.so.2"},
+				ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+					Provides: []string{"package-a", "so:libc.musl-x86_64.so.1"},
+					Requires: []string{"so:libc.musl-x86_64.so.2"},
+				},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -53,8 +57,10 @@ func Test_dbEntryDependencySpecifier(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			want: dependency.Specification{
-				Provides: []string{"package-a"},
-				Requires: nil,
+				ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+					Provides: []string{"package-a"},
+					Requires: nil,
+				},
 			},
 		},
 	}

syft/pkg/cataloger/arch/dependency.go

@@ -34,8 +34,10 @@ func dbEntryDependencySpecifier(p pkg.Package) dependency.Specification {
 	}
 
 	return dependency.Specification{
-		Provides: provides,
-		Requires: requires,
+		ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+			Provides: provides,
+			Requires: requires,
+		},
 	}
 }
 

syft/pkg/cataloger/arch/dependency_test.go

@@ -25,8 +25,10 @@ func Test_dbEntryDependencySpecifier(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			want: dependency.Specification{
-				Provides: []string{"package-c", "a-thing", "a-thing"}, //  note: gets deduplicated downstream
-				Requires: []string{"b-thing"},
+				ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+					Provides: []string{"package-c", "a-thing", "a-thing"}, //  note: gets deduplicated downstream
+					Requires: []string{"b-thing"},
+				},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -39,8 +41,10 @@ func Test_dbEntryDependencySpecifier(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			want: dependency.Specification{
-				Provides: []string{"package-a", "libtree-sitter.so.me=1-64", "libtree-sitter.so.me"},
-				Requires: []string{"libtree-sitter.so.thing=2-64"},
+				ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+					Provides: []string{"package-a", "libtree-sitter.so.me=1-64", "libtree-sitter.so.me"},
+					Requires: []string{"libtree-sitter.so.thing=2-64"},
+				},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -53,8 +57,10 @@ func Test_dbEntryDependencySpecifier(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			want: dependency.Specification{
-				Provides: []string{"package-a"},
-				Requires: nil,
+				ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+					Provides: []string{"package-a"},
+					Requires: nil,
+				},
 			},
 		},
 	}

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/classifier_cataloger_test.go

@@ -48,6 +48,17 @@ func Test_Cataloger_PositiveCases(t *testing.T) {
 				Metadata:  metadata("arangodb-binary"),
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			logicalFixture: "arangodb/3.12.0-2/linux-amd64",
+			expected: pkg.Package{
+				Name:      "arangodb",
+				Version:   "3.12.0-2",
+				Type:      "binary",
+				PURL:      "pkg:generic/arangodb@3.12.0-2",
+				Locations: locations("arangosh"),
+				Metadata:  metadata("arangodb-binary"),
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			logicalFixture: "postgres/15beta4/linux-amd64",
 			expected: pkg.Package{
@@ -616,6 +627,16 @@ func Test_Cataloger_PositiveCases(t *testing.T) {
 				Metadata:  metadata("busybox-binary", "[", "busybox"),
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			logicalFixture: `util-linux/2.37.4/linux-amd64`,
+			expected: pkg.Package{
+				Name:      "util-linux",
+				Version:   "2.37.4",
+				PURL:      "pkg:generic/util-linux@2.37.4",
+				Locations: locations("getopt"),
+				Metadata:  metadata("util-linux-binary"),
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			logicalFixture: "java-jre-openjdk/1.8.0_352-b08/linux-amd64",
 			expected: pkg.Package{
@@ -886,6 +907,17 @@ func Test_Cataloger_PositiveCases(t *testing.T) {
 				Metadata:  metadata("erlang-library"),
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			logicalFixture: "erlang/27.0/linux-amd64",
+			expected: pkg.Package{
+				Name:      "erlang",
+				Version:   "27.0",
+				Type:      "binary",
+				PURL:      "pkg:generic/erlang@27.0",
+				Locations: locations("beam.smp"),
+				Metadata:  metadata("erlang-alpine-binary"),
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			logicalFixture: "nginx/1.25.1/linux-amd64",
 			expected: pkg.Package{

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/classifiers.go

@@ -173,6 +173,15 @@ func DefaultClassifiers() []Classifier {
 			PURL:    mustPURL("pkg:generic/busybox@version"),
 			CPEs:    singleCPE("cpe:2.3:a:busybox:busybox:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"),
 		},
+		{
+			Class:    "util-linux-binary",
+			FileGlob: "**/getopt",
+			EvidenceMatcher: FileContentsVersionMatcher(
+				`\x00util-linux\s(?P<version>[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)\x00`),
+			Package: "util-linux",
+			PURL:    mustPURL("pkg:generic/util-linux@version"),
+			CPEs:    singleCPE("cpe:2.3:a:kernel:util-linux:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"),
+		},
 		{
 			Class:    "haproxy-binary",
 			FileGlob: "**/haproxy",
@@ -263,7 +272,7 @@ func DefaultClassifiers() []Classifier {
 			Class:    "arangodb-binary",
 			FileGlob: "**/arangosh",
 			EvidenceMatcher: FileContentsVersionMatcher(
-				`(?m)ArangoDB\s\x00*(?P<version>[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)\s\[linux\]`),
+				`(?m)\x00*(?P<version>[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+(-[0-9]+)?)\s\[linux\]`),
 			Package: "arangodb",
 			PURL:    mustPURL("pkg:generic/arangodb@version"),
 			CPEs:    singleCPE("cpe:2.3:a:arangodb:arangodb:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"),
@@ -384,6 +393,23 @@ func DefaultClassifiers() []Classifier {
 			PURL:    mustPURL("pkg:generic/erlang@version"),
 			CPEs:    singleCPE("cpe:2.3:a:erlang:erlang\\/otp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"),
 		},
+		{
+			Class:    "erlang-alpine-binary",
+			FileGlob: "**/beam.smp",
+			EvidenceMatcher: evidenceMatchers(
+				FileContentsVersionMatcher(
+					// <artificial>[NUL]/usr/src/otp_src_25.3.2.6/erts/
+					`(?m)/src/otp_src_(?P<version>[0-9]+\.[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+){0,2}(-rc[0-9])?)/erts/`,
+				),
+				FileContentsVersionMatcher(
+					// <artificial>[NUL]/usr/local/src/otp-25.3.2.7/erts/
+					`(?m)/usr/local/src/otp-(?P<version>[0-9]+\.[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+){0,2}(-rc[0-9])?)/erts/`,
+				),
+			),
+			Package: "erlang",
+			PURL:    mustPURL("pkg:generic/erlang@version"),
+			CPEs:    singleCPE("cpe:2.3:a:erlang:erlang\\/otp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"),
+		},
 		{
 			Class:    "erlang-library",
 			FileGlob: "**/liberts_internal.a",

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/elf_package.go

@@ -2,17 +2,18 @@ package binary
 
 import (
 	"github.com/anchore/packageurl-go"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/cpe"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
 )
 
-func newELFPackage(metadata elfBinaryPackageNotes, locations file.LocationSet, licenses []pkg.License) pkg.Package {
+func newELFPackage(metadata elfBinaryPackageNotes, locations file.LocationSet) pkg.Package {
 	p := pkg.Package{
 		Name:      metadata.Name,
 		Version:   metadata.Version,
-		Licenses:  pkg.NewLicenseSet(licenses...),
+		Licenses:  pkg.NewLicenseSet(pkg.NewLicense(metadata.License)),
 		PURL:      packageURL(metadata),
-		Type:      pkg.BinaryPkg,
+		Type:      pkgType(metadata.Type),
 		Locations: locations,
 		Metadata:  metadata.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload,
 	}
@@ -23,13 +24,75 @@ func newELFPackage(metadata elfBinaryPackageNotes, locations file.LocationSet, l
 }
 
 func packageURL(metadata elfBinaryPackageNotes) string {
-	// TODO: what if the System value is not set?
+	var qualifiers []packageurl.Qualifier
+
+	os := metadata.OS
+	osVersion := metadata.OSVersion
+
+	atts, err := cpe.NewAttributes(metadata.OSCPE)
+	if err == nil {
+		// only "upgrade" the OS information if there is something more specific to use in it's place
+		if os == "" && osVersion == "" || os == "" && atts.Version != "" || atts.Product != "" && osVersion == "" {
+			os = atts.Product
+			osVersion = atts.Version
+		}
+	}
+
+	if os != "" {
+		osQualifier := os
+		if osVersion != "" {
+			osQualifier += "-" + osVersion
+		}
+		qualifiers = append(qualifiers, packageurl.Qualifier{
+			Key:   "distro",
+			Value: osQualifier,
+		})
+	}
+
+	ty := purlDistroType(metadata.Type)
+
+	namespace := os
+
+	if ty == packageurl.TypeGeneric || os == "" {
+		namespace = metadata.System
+	}
+
 	return packageurl.NewPackageURL(
-		packageurl.TypeGeneric,
-		metadata.System,
+		ty,
+		namespace,
 		metadata.Name,
 		metadata.Version,
-		nil,
+		qualifiers,
 		"",
 	).ToString()
 }
+
+const alpmType = "alpm"
+
+func purlDistroType(ty string) string {
+	switch ty {
+	case "rpm":
+		return packageurl.TypeRPM
+	case "deb":
+		return packageurl.TypeDebian
+	case "apk":
+		return packageurl.TypeAlpine
+	case alpmType:
+		return alpmType
+	}
+	return packageurl.TypeGeneric
+}
+
+func pkgType(ty string) pkg.Type {
+	switch ty {
+	case "rpm":
+		return pkg.RpmPkg
+	case "deb":
+		return pkg.DebPkg
+	case "apk":
+		return pkg.ApkPkg
+	case alpmType:
+		return pkg.AlpmPkg
+	}
+	return pkg.BinaryPkg
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/elf_package_cataloger.go

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 package binary
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"debug/elf"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ func (c *elfPackageCataloger) Catalog(_ context.Context, resolver file.Resolver)
 		}
 
 		// create a package for each unique name/version pair (based on the first note found)
-		pkgs = append(pkgs, newELFPackage(notes[0], noteLocations, nil))
+		pkgs = append(pkgs, newELFPackage(notes[0], noteLocations))
 	}
 
 	// why not return relationships? We have an executable cataloger that will note the dynamic libraries imported by
@@ -154,11 +156,42 @@ func getELFNotes(r file.LocationReadCloser) (*elfBinaryPackageNotes, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	var metadata elfBinaryPackageNotes
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(notes, &metadata); err != nil {
-		log.WithFields("file", r.Location.Path(), "error", err).Trace("unable to unmarshal ELF package notes as JSON")
+	if len(notes) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
-	return &metadata, err
+	{
+		var metadata elfBinaryPackageNotes
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(notes, &metadata); err == nil {
+			return &metadata, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		var header elf64SectionHeader
+		headerSize := binary.Size(header) / 4
+		if len(notes) > headerSize {
+			var metadata elfBinaryPackageNotes
+			newPayload := bytes.TrimRight(notes[headerSize:], "\x00")
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(newPayload, &metadata); err == nil {
+				return &metadata, nil
+			}
+			log.WithFields("file", r.Location.Path(), "error", err).Trace("unable to unmarshal ELF package notes as JSON")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil, err
+}
+
+type elf64SectionHeader struct {
+	ShName      uint32
+	ShType      uint32
+	ShFlags     uint64
+	ShAddr      uint64
+	ShOffset    uint64
+	ShSize      uint64
+	ShLink      uint32
+	ShInfo      uint32
+	ShAddralign uint64
+	ShEntsize   uint64
 }

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/elf_package_cataloger_test.go

@@ -9,53 +9,115 @@ import (
 )
 
 func Test_ELF_Package_Cataloger(t *testing.T) {
-	expectedPkgs := []pkg.Package{
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name     string
+		fixture  string
+		expected []pkg.Package
+	}{
 		{
-			Name:    "libhello_world.so",
-			Version: "0.01",
-			PURL:    "pkg:generic/syftsys/libhello_world.so@0.01",
-			FoundBy: "",
-			Locations: file.NewLocationSet(
-				file.NewVirtualLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithnestedlib/bin/lib/libhello_world.so", "/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithnestedlib/bin/lib/libhello_world.so"),
-				file.NewVirtualLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/lib/libhello_world.so", "/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/lib/libhello_world.so"),
-				file.NewVirtualLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/lib/libhello_world2.so", "/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/lib/libhello_world2.so"),
-			),
-			Language: "",
-			Type:     pkg.BinaryPkg,
-			Metadata: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
-				Type:       "testfixture",
-				Vendor:     "syft",
-				System:     "syftsys",
-				SourceRepo: "https://github.com/someone/somewhere.git",
-				Commit:     "5534c38d0ffef9a3f83154f0b7a7fb6ab0ab6dbb",
+			name:    "go case",
+			fixture: "elf-test-fixtures",
+			expected: []pkg.Package{
+				{
+					Name:    "libhello_world.so",
+					Version: "0.01",
+					PURL:    "pkg:generic/syftsys/libhello_world.so@0.01",
+					Locations: file.NewLocationSet(
+						file.NewVirtualLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithnestedlib/bin/lib/libhello_world.so", "/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithnestedlib/bin/lib/libhello_world.so"),
+						file.NewVirtualLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/lib/libhello_world.so", "/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/lib/libhello_world.so"),
+						file.NewVirtualLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/lib/libhello_world2.so", "/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/lib/libhello_world2.so"),
+					),
+					Licenses: pkg.NewLicenseSet(
+						pkg.License{Value: "MIT", SPDXExpression: "MIT", Type: "declared"},
+					),
+
+					Type: pkg.BinaryPkg,
+					Metadata: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
+						Type:       "testfixture",
+						Vendor:     "syft",
+						System:     "syftsys",
+						SourceRepo: "https://github.com/someone/somewhere.git",
+						Commit:     "5534c38d0ffef9a3f83154f0b7a7fb6ab0ab6dbb",
+					},
+				},
+				{
+					Name:    "syfttestfixture",
+					Version: "0.01",
+					PURL:    "pkg:generic/syftsys/syfttestfixture@0.01",
+					Locations: file.NewLocationSet(
+						file.NewLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithnestedlib/bin/elfbinwithnestedlib").WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation),
+						file.NewLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/bin/elfwithparallellibbin1").WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation),
+						file.NewLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/bin/elfwithparallellibbin2").WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation),
+					),
+					Licenses: pkg.NewLicenseSet(
+						pkg.License{Value: "MIT", SPDXExpression: "MIT", Type: "declared"},
+					),
+					Type: pkg.BinaryPkg,
+					Metadata: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
+						Type:       "testfixture",
+						Vendor:     "syft",
+						System:     "syftsys",
+						SourceRepo: "https://github.com/someone/somewhere.git",
+						Commit:     "5534c38d0ffef9a3f83154f0b7a7fb6ab0ab6dbb",
+					},
+				},
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			Name:    "syfttestfixture",
-			Version: "0.01",
-			PURL:    "pkg:generic/syftsys/syfttestfixture@0.01",
-			FoundBy: "",
-			Locations: file.NewLocationSet(
-				file.NewLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithnestedlib/bin/elfbinwithnestedlib").WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation),
-				file.NewLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/bin/elfwithparallellibbin1").WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation),
-				file.NewLocation("/usr/local/bin/elftests/elfbinwithsisterlib/bin/elfwithparallellibbin2").WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation),
-			),
-			Language: "",
-			Type:     pkg.BinaryPkg,
-			Metadata: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
-				Type:       "testfixture",
-				Vendor:     "syft",
-				System:     "syftsys",
-				SourceRepo: "https://github.com/someone/somewhere.git",
-				Commit:     "5534c38d0ffef9a3f83154f0b7a7fb6ab0ab6dbb",
+			name:    "fedora 64 bit binaries",
+			fixture: "image-fedora-64bit",
+			expected: []pkg.Package{
+				{
+					Name:    "coreutils",
+					Version: "9.5-1.fc41",
+					PURL:    "pkg:rpm/fedora/coreutils@9.5-1.fc41?distro=fedora-40",
+					Locations: file.NewLocationSet(
+						file.NewLocation("/sha256sum").WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation),
+						file.NewLocation("/sha1sum").WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation),
+					),
+					Licenses: pkg.NewLicenseSet(),
+					Type:     pkg.RpmPkg,
+					Metadata: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
+						Type:         "rpm",
+						Architecture: "x86_64",
+						OSCPE:        "cpe:/o:fedoraproject:fedora:40",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "fedora 32 bit binaries",
+			fixture: "image-fedora-32bit",
+			expected: []pkg.Package{
+				{
+					Name:    "coreutils",
+					Version: "9.0-5.fc36",
+					PURL:    "pkg:rpm/fedora/coreutils@9.0-5.fc36?distro=fedora-36",
+					Locations: file.NewLocationSet(
+						file.NewLocation("/sha256sum").WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation),
+						file.NewLocation("/sha1sum").WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation),
+					),
+					Licenses: pkg.NewLicenseSet(),
+					Type:     pkg.RpmPkg,
+					Metadata: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
+						Type:         "rpm",
+						Architecture: "arm",
+						OSCPE:        "cpe:/o:fedoraproject:fedora:36",
+					},
+				},
 			},
 		},
 	}
 
-	pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
-		WithImageResolver(t, "elf-test-fixtures").
-		IgnoreLocationLayer(). // this fixture can be rebuilt, thus the layer ID will change
-		Expects(expectedPkgs, nil).
-		TestCataloger(t, NewELFPackageCataloger())
+	for _, v := range cases {
+		t.Run(v.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
+				WithImageResolver(t, v.fixture).
+				IgnoreLocationLayer(). // this fixture can be rebuilt, thus the layer ID will change
+				Expects(v.expected, nil).
+				TestCataloger(t, NewELFPackageCataloger())
+		})
+	}
 
 }

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/elf_package_test.go

@@ -14,36 +14,110 @@ import (
 func Test_packageURL(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string
-		notes    elfBinaryPackageNotes
-		expected string
+		metadata elfBinaryPackageNotes
+		want     string
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "elf-binary-package-cataloger",
-			notes: elfBinaryPackageNotes{
+			metadata: elfBinaryPackageNotes{
 				Name:    "github.com/anchore/syft",
 				Version: "v0.1.0",
 				ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
 					System: "syftsys",
 				},
 			},
-			expected: "pkg:generic/syftsys/github.com/anchore/syft@v0.1.0",
+			want: "pkg:generic/syftsys/github.com/anchore/syft@v0.1.0",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "elf binary package short name",
-			notes: elfBinaryPackageNotes{
+			metadata: elfBinaryPackageNotes{
 				Name:    "go.opencensus.io",
 				Version: "v0.23.0",
 				ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
 					System: "syftsys",
 				},
 			},
-			expected: "pkg:generic/syftsys/go.opencensus.io@v0.23.0",
+			want: "pkg:generic/syftsys/go.opencensus.io@v0.23.0",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "no info",
+			metadata: elfBinaryPackageNotes{
+				Name:    "test",
+				Version: "1.0",
+				ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
+					Type: "rpm",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "pkg:rpm/test@1.0",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with system",
+			metadata: elfBinaryPackageNotes{
+				Name:    "test",
+				Version: "1.0",
+				ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
+					Type:   "rpm",
+					System: "system",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "pkg:rpm/system/test@1.0",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with os info preferred",
+			metadata: elfBinaryPackageNotes{
+				Name:    "test",
+				Version: "1.0",
+				ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
+					Type:      "rpm",
+					OS:        "fedora",
+					OSVersion: "2.0",
+					OSCPE:     "cpe:/o:someone:redhat:3.0",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "pkg:rpm/fedora/test@1.0?distro=fedora-2.0",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with os info fallback to CPE parsing (missing version)",
+			metadata: elfBinaryPackageNotes{
+				Name:    "test",
+				Version: "1.0",
+				ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
+					Type:  "rpm",
+					OS:    "fedora",
+					OSCPE: "cpe:/o:someone:redhat:3.0",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "pkg:rpm/redhat/test@1.0?distro=redhat-3.0",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with os info preferred (missing OS)",
+			metadata: elfBinaryPackageNotes{
+				Name:    "test",
+				Version: "1.0",
+				ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
+					Type:      "rpm",
+					OSVersion: "2.0",
+					OSCPE:     "cpe:/o:someone:redhat:3.0",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "pkg:rpm/redhat/test@1.0?distro=redhat-3.0",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "missing type",
+			metadata: elfBinaryPackageNotes{
+				Name:    "test",
+				Version: "1.0",
+				ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload: pkg.ELFBinaryPackageNoteJSONPayload{
+					System: "system",
+				},
+			},
+			want: "pkg:generic/system/test@1.0",
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			assert.Equal(t, test.expected, packageURL(test.notes))
+			assert.Equal(t, test.want, packageURL(test.metadata))
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -82,7 +156,7 @@ func Test_newELFPackage(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			actual := newELFPackage(test.metadata, file.NewLocationSet(), nil)
+			actual := newELFPackage(test.metadata, file.NewLocationSet())
 			if diff := cmp.Diff(test.expected, actual, cmpopts.IgnoreFields(pkg.Package{}, "id"), cmpopts.IgnoreUnexported(pkg.Package{}, file.LocationSet{}, pkg.LicenseSet{})); diff != "" {
 				t.Errorf("newELFPackage() mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
 			}

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/test-fixtures/config.yaml

@@ -17,6 +17,14 @@ from-images:
     paths:
       - /bin/[
 
+  - name: util-linux
+    version: 2.37.4
+    images:
+      - ref: cirros:0.6.2@sha256:7ba1f5bc57923f65c99677e53758d386320ed699b621d9630b1f2bd7ceb3a878
+        platform: linux/amd64
+    paths:
+      - /usr/bin/getopt
+
   - version: 5.1.16
     images:
       - ref: bash:5.1.16@sha256:c7a903a541d8f5fe693cbe7f5ece18a1b6a03734c76092d2b153d7e98a964927
@@ -55,6 +63,14 @@ from-images:
     paths:
       - /usr/local/lib/erlang/erts-14.2.4/lib/internal/liberts_internal.a
 
+  - name: erlang
+    version: 27.0
+    images:
+      - ref: erlang:27.0.0.0-alpine@sha256:82064a65eb1f9901a479d8ada5f622be3bfac8b474dfc876dc00c28fdef4b1b8
+        platform: linux/amd64
+    paths:
+      - /usr/local/lib/erlang/erts-15.0/bin/beam.smp
+
   - version: 1.21.3
     images:
       - ref: golang:1.21.3@sha256:3ce8313c3513515040870c55e0c041a2b94f3576a58cfd3948633604214aa811
@@ -277,6 +293,13 @@ from-images:
         platform: linux/amd64
     paths:
       - /usr/bin/arangosh
+  - name: arangodb
+    version: 3.12.0-2
+    images:
+      - ref: arangodb:3.12.0.2@sha256:6ba2e4284cd0f4835e3ef034be90fb947c3d61225d65d07e3b2d2d893e47de25
+        platform: linux/amd64
+    paths:
+      - /usr/bin/arangosh
   - version: 15.1
     images:
       - ref: postgres:15.1@sha256:b4140dd3a62f364f16a82c1bd88d28b9887ecb47f07dbe2941237d073574d428

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/test-fixtures/image-fedora-32bit/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+FROM --platform=linux/arm arm32v7/fedora:36 as build
+
+FROM scratch
+COPY --from=build /bin/sha256sum /sha256sum
+COPY --from=build /bin/sha1sum /sha1sum

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/test-fixtures/image-fedora-64bit/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+FROM --platform=linux/amd64 fedora:41 as build
+
+FROM scratch
+COPY --from=build /bin/sha256sum /sha256sum
+COPY --from=build /bin/sha1sum /sha1sum

syft/pkg/cataloger/debian/dependency.go

@@ -38,8 +38,10 @@ func dbEntryDependencySpecifier(p pkg.Package) dependency.Specification {
 	}
 
 	return dependency.Specification{
-		Provides: provides,
-		Requires: requires,
+		ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+			Provides: provides,
+			Requires: requires,
+		},
 	}
 }
 

syft/pkg/cataloger/debian/dependency_test.go

@@ -25,8 +25,10 @@ func Test_dbEntryDependencySpecifier(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			want: dependency.Specification{
-				Provides: []string{"package-c", "a-thing"},
-				Requires: []string{"b-thing"},
+				ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+					Provides: []string{"package-c", "a-thing"},
+					Requires: []string{"b-thing"},
+				},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -39,8 +41,10 @@ func Test_dbEntryDependencySpecifier(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			want: dependency.Specification{
-				Provides: []string{"package-a", "foo"},
-				Requires: []string{"libgmp10", "default-mta", "mail-transport-agent"},
+				ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+					Provides: []string{"package-a", "foo"},
+					Requires: []string{"libgmp10", "default-mta", "mail-transport-agent"},
+				},
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -53,8 +57,10 @@ func Test_dbEntryDependencySpecifier(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 			want: dependency.Specification{
-				Provides: []string{"package-a"},
-				Requires: nil,
+				ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+					Provides: []string{"package-a"},
+					Requires: nil,
+				},
 			},
 		},
 	}

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/cataloger.go

@@ -4,16 +4,9 @@ Package golang provides a concrete Cataloger implementation relating to packages
 package golang
 
 import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/mimetype"
-	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/artifact"
-	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/cpe"
-	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/generic"
 )
@@ -27,105 +20,16 @@ const (
 
 // NewGoModuleFileCataloger returns a new cataloger object that searches within go.mod files.
 func NewGoModuleFileCataloger(opts CatalogerConfig) pkg.Cataloger {
-	c := goModCataloger{
-		licenses: newGoLicenses(modFileCatalogerName, opts),
-	}
-	return &progressingCataloger{
-		cataloger: generic.NewCataloger(modFileCatalogerName).
-			WithParserByGlobs(c.parseGoModFile, "**/go.mod"),
-	}
+	return generic.NewCataloger(modFileCatalogerName).
+		WithParserByGlobs(newGoModCataloger(opts).parseGoModFile, "**/go.mod")
 }
 
 // NewGoModuleBinaryCataloger returns a new cataloger object that searches within binaries built by the go compiler.
 func NewGoModuleBinaryCataloger(opts CatalogerConfig) pkg.Cataloger {
-	return &progressingCataloger{
-		cataloger: generic.NewCataloger(binaryCatalogerName).
-			WithParserByMimeTypes(
-				newGoBinaryCataloger(opts).parseGoBinary,
-				mimetype.ExecutableMIMETypeSet.List()...,
-			),
-	}
-}
-
-type progressingCataloger struct {
-	cataloger *generic.Cataloger
-}
-
-func (p *progressingCataloger) Name() string {
-	return p.cataloger.Name()
-}
-
-func (p *progressingCataloger) Catalog(ctx context.Context, resolver file.Resolver) ([]pkg.Package, []artifact.Relationship, error) {
-	pkgs, relationships, err := p.cataloger.Catalog(ctx, resolver)
-	goCompilerPkgs := []pkg.Package{}
-	totalLocations := file.NewLocationSet()
-	for _, goPkg := range pkgs {
-		mValue, ok := goPkg.Metadata.(pkg.GolangBinaryBuildinfoEntry)
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		// go binary packages should only contain a single location
-		for _, location := range goPkg.Locations.ToSlice() {
-			if !totalLocations.Contains(location) {
-				stdLibPkg := newGoStdLib(mValue.GoCompiledVersion, goPkg.Locations)
-				if stdLibPkg != nil {
-					goCompilerPkgs = append(goCompilerPkgs, *stdLibPkg)
-					totalLocations.Add(location)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	pkgs = append(pkgs, goCompilerPkgs...)
-	return pkgs, relationships, err
-}
-
-func newGoStdLib(version string, location file.LocationSet) *pkg.Package {
-	stdlibCpe, err := generateStdlibCpe(version)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	goCompilerPkg := &pkg.Package{
-		Name:      "stdlib",
-		Version:   version,
-		PURL:      packageURL("stdlib", strings.TrimPrefix(version, "go")),
-		CPEs:      []cpe.CPE{stdlibCpe},
-		Locations: location,
-		Licenses:  pkg.NewLicenseSet(pkg.NewLicense("BSD-3-Clause")),
-		Language:  pkg.Go,
-		Type:      pkg.GoModulePkg,
-		Metadata: pkg.GolangBinaryBuildinfoEntry{
-			GoCompiledVersion: version,
-		},
-	}
-	goCompilerPkg.SetID()
-
-	return goCompilerPkg
-}
-
-func generateStdlibCpe(version string) (stdlibCpe cpe.CPE, err error) {
-	// GoCompiledVersion when pulled from a binary is prefixed by go
-	version = strings.TrimPrefix(version, "go")
-
-	// we also need to trim starting from the first +<metadata>  to
-	// correctly extract potential rc candidate information for cpe generation
-	// ex: 2.0.0-rc.1+build.123 -> 2.0.0-rc.1; if no + is found then + is returned
-	after, _, found := strings.Cut("+", version)
-	if found {
-		version = after
-	}
-
-	// extracting <version> and <candidate>
-	// https://regex101.com/r/985GsI/1
-	captureGroups := internal.MatchNamedCaptureGroups(versionCandidateGroups, version)
-	vr, ok := captureGroups["version"]
-	if !ok || vr == "" {
-		return stdlibCpe, fmt.Errorf("could not match candidate version for: %s", version)
-	}
-
-	cpeString := fmt.Sprintf("cpe:2.3:a:golang:go:%s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*", captureGroups["version"])
-	if candidate, ok := captureGroups["candidate"]; ok && candidate != "" {
-		cpeString = fmt.Sprintf("cpe:2.3:a:golang:go:%s:%s:*:*:*:*:*:*", vr, candidate)
-	}
-
-	return cpe.New(cpeString, cpe.GeneratedSource)
+	return generic.NewCataloger(binaryCatalogerName).
+		WithParserByMimeTypes(
+			newGoBinaryCataloger(opts).parseGoBinary,
+			mimetype.ExecutableMIMETypeSet.List()...,
+		).
+		WithProcessors(stdlibProcessor)
 }

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/cataloger_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,92 @@ import (
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/pkgtest"
 )
 
+func Test_PackageCataloger_Binary(t *testing.T) {
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		fixture      string
+		expectedPkgs []string
+		expectedRels []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "simple module with dependencies",
+			fixture: "image-small",
+			expectedPkgs: []string{
+				"anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/andybalholm/brotli @ v1.0.1 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/dsnet/compress @ v0.0.2-0.20210315054119-f66993602bf5 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/golang/snappy @ v0.0.2 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/klauspost/compress @ v1.11.4 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/klauspost/pgzip @ v1.2.5 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/mholt/archiver/v3 @ v3.5.1 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/nwaples/rardecode @ v1.1.0 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/pierrec/lz4/v4 @ v4.1.2 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/ulikunitz/xz @ v0.5.9 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/xi2/xz @ v0.0.0-20171230120015-48954b6210f8 (/run-me)",
+				"stdlib @ go1.22.4 (/run-me)",
+			},
+			expectedRels: []string{
+				"github.com/andybalholm/brotli @ v1.0.1 (/run-me) [dependency-of] anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/dsnet/compress @ v0.0.2-0.20210315054119-f66993602bf5 (/run-me) [dependency-of] anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/golang/snappy @ v0.0.2 (/run-me) [dependency-of] anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/klauspost/compress @ v1.11.4 (/run-me) [dependency-of] anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/klauspost/pgzip @ v1.2.5 (/run-me) [dependency-of] anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/mholt/archiver/v3 @ v3.5.1 (/run-me) [dependency-of] anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/nwaples/rardecode @ v1.1.0 (/run-me) [dependency-of] anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/pierrec/lz4/v4 @ v4.1.2 (/run-me) [dependency-of] anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/ulikunitz/xz @ v0.5.9 (/run-me) [dependency-of] anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/xi2/xz @ v0.0.0-20171230120015-48954b6210f8 (/run-me) [dependency-of] anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"stdlib @ go1.22.4 (/run-me) [dependency-of] anchore.io/not/real @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "partially built binary",
+			// the difference is the build flags used to build the binary... they will not reference the module directly
+			// see the dockerfile for details
+			fixture: "image-not-a-module",
+			expectedPkgs: []string{
+				"command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)", // this is the difference!
+				"github.com/andybalholm/brotli @ v1.0.1 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/dsnet/compress @ v0.0.2-0.20210315054119-f66993602bf5 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/golang/snappy @ v0.0.2 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/klauspost/compress @ v1.11.4 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/klauspost/pgzip @ v1.2.5 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/mholt/archiver/v3 @ v3.5.1 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/nwaples/rardecode @ v1.1.0 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/pierrec/lz4/v4 @ v4.1.2 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/ulikunitz/xz @ v0.5.9 (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/xi2/xz @ v0.0.0-20171230120015-48954b6210f8 (/run-me)",
+				"stdlib @ go1.22.4 (/run-me)",
+			},
+			expectedRels: []string{
+				"github.com/andybalholm/brotli @ v1.0.1 (/run-me) [dependency-of] command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/dsnet/compress @ v0.0.2-0.20210315054119-f66993602bf5 (/run-me) [dependency-of] command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/golang/snappy @ v0.0.2 (/run-me) [dependency-of] command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/klauspost/compress @ v1.11.4 (/run-me) [dependency-of] command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/klauspost/pgzip @ v1.2.5 (/run-me) [dependency-of] command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/mholt/archiver/v3 @ v3.5.1 (/run-me) [dependency-of] command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/nwaples/rardecode @ v1.1.0 (/run-me) [dependency-of] command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/pierrec/lz4/v4 @ v4.1.2 (/run-me) [dependency-of] command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/ulikunitz/xz @ v0.5.9 (/run-me) [dependency-of] command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"github.com/xi2/xz @ v0.0.0-20171230120015-48954b6210f8 (/run-me) [dependency-of] command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+				"stdlib @ go1.22.4 (/run-me) [dependency-of] command-line-arguments @ (devel) (/run-me)",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
+				WithImageResolver(t, test.fixture).
+				ExpectsPackageStrings(test.expectedPkgs).
+				ExpectsRelationshipStrings(test.expectedRels).
+				TestCataloger(t, NewGoModuleBinaryCataloger(DefaultCatalogerConfig()))
+		})
+	}
+
+}
+
 func Test_Mod_Cataloger_Globs(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/config.go

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ type MainModuleVersionConfig struct {
 func DefaultCatalogerConfig() CatalogerConfig {
 	g := CatalogerConfig{
 		MainModuleVersion: DefaultMainModuleVersionConfig(),
+		LocalModCacheDir:  defaultGoModDir(),
 	}
 
 	// first process the proxy settings
@@ -67,24 +68,25 @@ func DefaultCatalogerConfig() CatalogerConfig {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if g.LocalModCacheDir == "" {
-		goPath := os.Getenv("GOPATH")
-
-		if goPath == "" {
-			homeDir, err := homedir.Dir()
-			if err != nil {
-				log.Debug("unable to determine user home dir: %v", err)
-			} else {
-				goPath = filepath.Join(homeDir, "go")
-			}
-		}
-		if goPath != "" {
-			g.LocalModCacheDir = filepath.Join(goPath, "pkg", "mod")
-		}
-	}
 	return g
 }
 
+// defaultGoModDir returns $GOPATH/pkg/mod or $HOME/go/pkg/mod based on environment variables available
+func defaultGoModDir() string {
+	goPath := os.Getenv("GOPATH")
+
+	if goPath == "" {
+		homeDir, err := homedir.Dir()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("unable to determine GOPATH or user home dir: %w", err)
+			return ""
+		}
+		goPath = filepath.Join(homeDir, "go")
+	}
+
+	return filepath.Join(goPath, "pkg", "mod")
+}
+
 func DefaultMainModuleVersionConfig() MainModuleVersionConfig {
 	return MainModuleVersionConfig{
 		FromLDFlags:       true,

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/config_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package golang
 
 import (
+	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir"
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ func Test_Config(t *testing.T) {
 			opts: opts{},
 			expected: CatalogerConfig{
 				SearchLocalModCacheLicenses: false,
-				LocalModCacheDir:            "/go/pkg/mod",
+				LocalModCacheDir:            filepath.Join("/go", "pkg", "mod"),
 				SearchRemoteLicenses:        false,
 				Proxies:                     []string{"https://my.proxy"},
 				NoProxy:                     []string{"my.private", "no.proxy"},

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/licenses.go

@@ -21,25 +21,41 @@ import (
 	"github.com/scylladb/go-set/strset"
 
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/cache"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/licenses"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/log"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
-	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/internal/fileresolver"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/license"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
 )
 
-type goLicenses struct {
+type goLicense struct {
+	Value          string       `json:"val,omitempty"`
+	SPDXExpression string       `json:"spdx,omitempty"`
+	Type           license.Type `json:"type,omitempty"`
+	URLs           []string     `json:"urls,omitempty"`
+	Locations      []string     `json:"locations,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type goLicenseResolver struct {
 	catalogerName         string
 	opts                  CatalogerConfig
-	localModCacheResolver file.WritableResolver
+	localModCacheDir      fs.FS
+	licenseCache          cache.Resolver[[]goLicense]
 	lowerLicenseFileNames *strset.Set
 }
 
-func newGoLicenses(catalogerName string, opts CatalogerConfig) goLicenses {
-	return goLicenses{
+func newGoLicenseResolver(catalogerName string, opts CatalogerConfig) goLicenseResolver {
+	var localModCacheDir fs.FS
+	if opts.SearchLocalModCacheLicenses {
+		localModCacheDir = os.DirFS(opts.LocalModCacheDir)
+	}
+
+	return goLicenseResolver{
 		catalogerName:         catalogerName,
 		opts:                  opts,
-		localModCacheResolver: modCacheResolver(opts.LocalModCacheDir),
+		localModCacheDir:      localModCacheDir,
+		licenseCache:          cache.GetResolverCachingErrors[[]goLicense]("golang", "v1"),
 		lowerLicenseFileNames: strset.New(lowercaseLicenseFiles()...),
 	}
 }
@@ -63,98 +79,103 @@ func remotesForModule(proxies []string, noProxy []string, module string) []strin
 	return proxies
 }
 
-func modCacheResolver(modCacheDir string) file.WritableResolver {
-	var r file.WritableResolver
+func (c *goLicenseResolver) getLicenses(resolver file.Resolver, moduleName, moduleVersion string) ([]pkg.License, error) {
+	// search the scan target first, ignoring local and remote sources
+	goLicenses, err := c.findLicensesInSource(resolver,
+		fmt.Sprintf(`**/go/pkg/mod/%s@%s/*`, processCaps(moduleName), moduleVersion),
+	)
+	if err != nil || len(goLicenses) > 0 {
+		return toPkgLicenses(goLicenses), err
+	}
 
-	if modCacheDir == "" {
-		log.Trace("unable to determine mod cache directory, skipping mod cache resolver")
-		r = fileresolver.Empty{}
-	} else {
-		stat, err := os.Stat(modCacheDir)
-
-		if os.IsNotExist(err) || stat == nil || !stat.IsDir() {
-			log.Tracef("unable to open mod cache directory: %s, skipping mod cache resolver", modCacheDir)
-			r = fileresolver.Empty{}
-		} else {
-			r = fileresolver.NewFromUnindexedDirectory(modCacheDir)
+	// look in the local host mod directory...
+	if c.opts.SearchLocalModCacheLicenses {
+		goLicenses, err = c.getLicensesFromLocal(moduleName, moduleVersion)
+		if err != nil || len(goLicenses) > 0 {
+			return toPkgLicenses(goLicenses), err
 		}
 	}
 
-	return r
-}
-
-func (c *goLicenses) getLicenses(resolver file.Resolver, moduleName, moduleVersion string) (licenses []pkg.License, err error) {
-	licenses, err = c.findLicenses(resolver,
-		fmt.Sprintf(`**/go/pkg/mod/%s@%s/*`, processCaps(moduleName), moduleVersion),
-	)
-	if err != nil || len(licenses) > 0 {
-		return requireCollection(licenses), err
+	// download from remote sources
+	if c.opts.SearchRemoteLicenses {
+		goLicenses, err = c.getLicensesFromRemote(moduleName, moduleVersion)
 	}
 
-	// look in the local host mod cache...
-	licenses, err = c.getLicensesFromLocal(moduleName, moduleVersion)
-	if err != nil || len(licenses) > 0 {
-		return requireCollection(licenses), err
-	}
-
-	// we did not find it yet and remote searching was enabled
-	licenses, err = c.getLicensesFromRemote(moduleName, moduleVersion)
-	return requireCollection(licenses), err
+	return toPkgLicenses(goLicenses), err
 }
 
-func (c *goLicenses) getLicensesFromLocal(moduleName, moduleVersion string) ([]pkg.License, error) {
-	if !c.opts.SearchLocalModCacheLicenses {
+func (c *goLicenseResolver) getLicensesFromLocal(moduleName, moduleVersion string) ([]goLicense, error) {
+	if c.localModCacheDir == nil {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
-	// if we're running against a directory on the filesystem, it may not include the
-	// user's homedir / GOPATH, so we defer to using the localModCacheResolver
-	return c.findLicenses(c.localModCacheResolver, moduleSearchGlob(moduleName, moduleVersion))
-}
+	subdir := moduleDir(moduleName, moduleVersion)
 
-func (c *goLicenses) getLicensesFromRemote(moduleName, moduleVersion string) ([]pkg.License, error) {
-	if !c.opts.SearchRemoteLicenses {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
-	proxies := remotesForModule(c.opts.Proxies, c.opts.NoProxy, moduleName)
-
-	fsys, err := getModule(proxies, moduleName, moduleVersion)
+	// get the local subdirectory containing the specific go module
+	dir, err := fs.Sub(c.localModCacheDir, subdir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	dir := moduleDir(moduleName, moduleVersion)
-
-	// populate the mod cache with the results
-	err = fs.WalkDir(fsys, ".", func(filePath string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Debug(err)
-			return nil
-		}
-		if d.IsDir() {
-			return nil
-		}
-		f, err := fsys.Open(filePath)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		return c.localModCacheResolver.Write(file.NewLocation(path.Join(dir, filePath)), f)
-	})
-
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Tracef("remote proxy walk failed for: %s", moduleName)
-	}
-
-	return c.findLicenses(c.localModCacheResolver, moduleSearchGlob(moduleName, moduleVersion))
+	// if we're running against a directory on the filesystem, it may not include the
+	// user's homedir / GOPATH, so we defer to using the localModCacheResolver
+	// we use $GOPATH/pkg/mod to avoid leaking information about the user's system
+	return c.findLicensesInFS("file://$GOPATH/pkg/mod/"+subdir+"/", dir)
 }
 
-func (c *goLicenses) findLicenses(resolver file.Resolver, globMatch string) (out []pkg.License, err error) {
-	out = make([]pkg.License, 0)
-	if resolver == nil {
-		return
-	}
+func (c *goLicenseResolver) getLicensesFromRemote(moduleName, moduleVersion string) ([]goLicense, error) {
+	return c.licenseCache.Resolve(fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", moduleName, moduleVersion), func() ([]goLicense, error) {
+		proxies := remotesForModule(c.opts.Proxies, c.opts.NoProxy, moduleName)
 
+		urlPrefix, fsys, err := getModule(proxies, moduleName, moduleVersion)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		return c.findLicensesInFS(urlPrefix, fsys)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c *goLicenseResolver) findLicensesInFS(urlPrefix string, fsys fs.FS) ([]goLicense, error) {
+	var out []goLicense
+	err := fs.WalkDir(fsys, ".", func(filePath string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("error reading %s#%s: %v", urlPrefix, filePath, err)
+			return err
+		}
+		if d == nil {
+			log.Debugf("nil entry for %s#%s", urlPrefix, filePath)
+			return nil
+		}
+		if !c.lowerLicenseFileNames.Has(strings.ToLower(d.Name())) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		rdr, err := fsys.Open(filePath)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("error opening license file %s: %v", filePath, err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		defer internal.CloseAndLogError(rdr, filePath)
+		parsed, err := licenses.Parse(rdr, file.NewLocation(filePath))
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("error parsing license file %s: %v", filePath, err)
+			return nil
+		}
+		// since these licenses are found in an external fs.FS, not in the scanned source,
+		// get rid of the locations but keep information about the where the license was found
+		// by prepending the urlPrefix to the internal path for an accurate representation
+		for _, l := range toGoLicenses(parsed) {
+			l.URLs = []string{urlPrefix + filePath}
+			l.Locations = nil
+			out = append(out, l)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	return out, err
+}
+
+func (c *goLicenseResolver) findLicensesInSource(resolver file.Resolver, globMatch string) ([]goLicense, error) {
+	var out []goLicense
 	locations, err := resolver.FilesByGlob(globMatch)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -168,11 +189,19 @@ func (c *goLicenses) findLicenses(resolver file.Resolver, globMatch string) (out
 		out = append(out, parsed...)
 	}
 
-	return
+	// if we have a directory but simply don't have any found license files, indicate this so we
+	// don't re-download modules continually
+	if len(locations) > 0 && len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil, noLicensesFound{
+			glob: globMatch,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return out, nil
 }
 
-func (c *goLicenses) parseLicenseFromLocation(l file.Location, resolver file.Resolver) ([]pkg.License, error) {
-	var out []pkg.License
+func (c *goLicenseResolver) parseLicenseFromLocation(l file.Location, resolver file.Resolver) ([]goLicense, error) {
+	var out []goLicense
 	fileName := path.Base(l.RealPath)
 	if c.lowerLicenseFileNames.Has(strings.ToLower(fileName)) {
 		contents, err := resolver.FileContentsByLocation(l)
@@ -185,7 +214,7 @@ func (c *goLicenses) parseLicenseFromLocation(l file.Location, resolver file.Res
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
-		out = append(out, parsed...)
+		out = append(out, toGoLicenses(parsed)...)
 	}
 	return out, nil
 }
@@ -194,13 +223,9 @@ func moduleDir(moduleName, moduleVersion string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s@%s", processCaps(moduleName), moduleVersion)
 }
 
-func moduleSearchGlob(moduleName, moduleVersion string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/*", moduleDir(moduleName, moduleVersion))
-}
-
-func requireCollection(licenses []pkg.License) []pkg.License {
+func requireCollection[T any](licenses []T) []T {
 	if licenses == nil {
-		return make([]pkg.License, 0)
+		return make([]T, 0)
 	}
 	return licenses
 }
@@ -213,18 +238,19 @@ func processCaps(s string) string {
 	})
 }
 
-func getModule(proxies []string, moduleName, moduleVersion string) (fsys fs.FS, err error) {
+func getModule(proxies []string, moduleName, moduleVersion string) (urlPrefix string, fsys fs.FS, err error) {
 	for _, proxy := range proxies {
 		u, _ := url.Parse(proxy)
 		if proxy == "direct" {
-			fsys, err = getModuleRepository(moduleName, moduleVersion)
+			urlPrefix, fsys, err = getModuleRepository(moduleName, moduleVersion)
 			continue
 		}
 		switch u.Scheme {
 		case "https", "http":
-			fsys, err = getModuleProxy(proxy, moduleName, moduleVersion)
+			urlPrefix, fsys, err = getModuleProxy(proxy, moduleName, moduleVersion)
 		case "file":
 			p := filepath.Join(u.Path, moduleName, "@v", moduleVersion)
+			urlPrefix = path.Join("file://", p) + "/"
 			fsys = os.DirFS(p)
 		}
 		if fsys != nil {
@@ -234,13 +260,13 @@ func getModule(proxies []string, moduleName, moduleVersion string) (fsys fs.FS,
 	return
 }
 
-func getModuleProxy(proxy string, moduleName string, moduleVersion string) (out fs.FS, _ error) {
+func getModuleProxy(proxy string, moduleName string, moduleVersion string) (moduleURL string, out fs.FS, _ error) {
 	u := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/@v/%s.zip", proxy, moduleName, moduleVersion)
 
 	// get the module zip
 	resp, err := http.Get(u) //nolint:gosec
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return "", nil, err
 	}
 	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
 
@@ -250,25 +276,25 @@ func getModuleProxy(proxy string, moduleName string, moduleVersion string) (out
 		// try lowercasing it; some packages have mixed casing that really messes up the proxy
 		resp, err = http.Get(u) //nolint:gosec
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return "", nil, err
 		}
 		defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
 		if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get module zip: %s", resp.Status)
+			return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get module zip: %s", resp.Status)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// read the zip
 	b, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return "", nil, err
 	}
 
 	out, err = zip.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(b), resp.ContentLength)
 	versionPath := findVersionPath(out, ".")
 	out = getSubFS(out, versionPath)
 
-	return out, err
+	return u + "#" + versionPath + "/", out, err
 }
 
 func findVersionPath(f fs.FS, dir string) string {
@@ -288,26 +314,111 @@ func findVersionPath(f fs.FS, dir string) string {
 	return ""
 }
 
-func getModuleRepository(moduleName string, moduleVersion string) (fs.FS, error) {
+func getModuleRepository(moduleName string, moduleVersion string) (string, fs.FS, error) {
 	repoName := moduleName
 	parts := strings.Split(moduleName, "/")
 	if len(parts) > 2 {
 		repoName = fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s", parts[0], parts[1], parts[2])
 	}
 
+	// see if there's a hash and use that if so, otherwise use a tag
+	splitVersion := strings.Split(moduleVersion, "-")
+	var cloneRefName plumbing.ReferenceName
+	refPath := ""
+	if len(splitVersion) < 3 {
+		tagName := splitVersion[0]
+		cloneRefName = plumbing.NewTagReferenceName(tagName)
+		refPath = "/tags/" + tagName
+	}
+
 	f := memfs.New()
 	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
-	_, err := git.Clone(memory.NewStorage(), f, &git.CloneOptions{
-		URL:           fmt.Sprintf("https://%s", repoName),
-		ReferenceName: plumbing.NewTagReferenceName(moduleVersion), // FIXME version might be a SHA
+	repoURL := fmt.Sprintf("https://%s", repoName)
+	r, err := git.Clone(memory.NewStorage(), f, &git.CloneOptions{
+		URL:           repoURL,
+		ReferenceName: cloneRefName,
 		SingleBranch:  true,
 		Depth:         1,
 		Progress:      buf,
 	})
-
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w -- %s", err, buf.String())
+		return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("%w -- %s", err, buf.String())
 	}
 
-	return billyFSAdapter{fs: f}, nil
+	if len(splitVersion) > 2 {
+		sha := splitVersion[len(splitVersion)-1]
+		hash, err := r.ResolveRevision(plumbing.Revision(sha))
+		if err != nil || hash == nil {
+			log.Tracef("unable to resolve hash %s: %v", sha, err)
+		} else {
+			w, err := r.Worktree()
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Tracef("unable to get worktree, using default: %v", err)
+			}
+			err = w.Checkout(&git.CheckoutOptions{
+				Hash: *hash,
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Tracef("unable to checkout commit, using default: %v", err)
+			} else {
+				refPath = "/refs/" + hash.String()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return repoURL + refPath + "/", billyFSAdapter{fs: f}, err
+}
+
+type noLicensesFound struct {
+	glob string
+}
+
+func (l noLicensesFound) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("unable to find license information matching: %s", l.glob)
+}
+
+var _ error = (*noLicensesFound)(nil)
+
+func toPkgLicenses(goLicenses []goLicense) []pkg.License {
+	var out []pkg.License
+	for _, l := range goLicenses {
+		out = append(out, pkg.License{
+			Value:          l.Value,
+			SPDXExpression: l.SPDXExpression,
+			Type:           l.Type,
+			URLs:           l.URLs,
+			Locations:      toPkgLocations(l.Locations),
+		})
+	}
+	return requireCollection(out)
+}
+
+func toPkgLocations(goLocations []string) file.LocationSet {
+	out := file.NewLocationSet()
+	for _, l := range goLocations {
+		out.Add(file.NewLocation(l))
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func toGoLicenses(pkgLicenses []pkg.License) []goLicense {
+	var out []goLicense
+	for _, l := range pkgLicenses {
+		out = append(out, goLicense{
+			Value:          l.Value,
+			SPDXExpression: l.SPDXExpression,
+			Type:           l.Type,
+			URLs:           l.URLs,
+			Locations:      toGoLocations(l.Locations),
+		})
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func toGoLocations(locations file.LocationSet) []string {
+	var out []string
+	for _, l := range locations.ToSlice() {
+		out = append(out, l.RealPath)
+	}
+	return out
 }

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/licenses_test.go

@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@ import (
 	"archive/zip"
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
+	"io/fs"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
 	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -36,7 +38,8 @@ func Test_LocalLicenseSearch(t *testing.T) {
 				Value:          "Apache-2.0",
 				SPDXExpression: "Apache-2.0",
 				Type:           license.Concluded,
-				Locations:      file.NewLocationSet(loc1),
+				URLs:           []string{"file://$GOPATH/pkg/mod/" + loc1.RealPath},
+				Locations:      file.NewLocationSet(),
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -46,7 +49,8 @@ func Test_LocalLicenseSearch(t *testing.T) {
 				Value:          "MIT",
 				SPDXExpression: "MIT",
 				Type:           license.Concluded,
-				Locations:      file.NewLocationSet(loc2),
+				URLs:           []string{"file://$GOPATH/pkg/mod/" + loc2.RealPath},
+				Locations:      file.NewLocationSet(),
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -56,7 +60,8 @@ func Test_LocalLicenseSearch(t *testing.T) {
 				Value:          "Apache-2.0",
 				SPDXExpression: "Apache-2.0",
 				Type:           license.Concluded,
-				Locations:      file.NewLocationSet(loc3),
+				URLs:           []string{"file://$GOPATH/pkg/mod/" + loc3.RealPath},
+				Locations:      file.NewLocationSet(),
 			},
 		},
 	}
@@ -66,11 +71,11 @@ func Test_LocalLicenseSearch(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			l := newGoLicenses(
+			l := newGoLicenseResolver(
 				"",
 				CatalogerConfig{
 					SearchLocalModCacheLicenses: true,
-					LocalModCacheDir:            path.Join(wd, "test-fixtures", "licenses", "pkg", "mod"),
+					LocalModCacheDir:            filepath.Join(wd, "test-fixtures", "licenses", "pkg", "mod"),
 				},
 			)
 			licenses, err := l.getLicenses(fileresolver.Empty{}, test.name, test.version)
@@ -97,7 +102,7 @@ func Test_RemoteProxyLicenseSearch(t *testing.T) {
 
 		wd, err := os.Getwd()
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		testDir := path.Join(wd, "test-fixtures", "licenses", "pkg", "mod", processCaps(modPath)+"@"+modVersion)
+		testDir := filepath.Join(wd, "test-fixtures", "licenses", "pkg", "mod", processCaps(modPath)+"@"+modVersion)
 
 		archive := zip.NewWriter(buf)
 
@@ -106,9 +111,9 @@ func Test_RemoteProxyLicenseSearch(t *testing.T) {
 		for _, f := range entries {
 			// the zip files downloaded contain a path to the repo that somewhat matches where it ends up on disk,
 			// so prefix entries with something similar
-			writer, err := archive.Create(path.Join("github.com/something/some@version", f.Name()))
+			writer, err := archive.Create(path.Join(moduleDir(modPath, modVersion), f.Name()))
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			contents, err := os.ReadFile(path.Join(testDir, f.Name()))
+			contents, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(testDir, f.Name()))
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			_, err = writer.Write(contents)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -136,7 +141,8 @@ func Test_RemoteProxyLicenseSearch(t *testing.T) {
 				Value:          "Apache-2.0",
 				SPDXExpression: "Apache-2.0",
 				Type:           license.Concluded,
-				Locations:      file.NewLocationSet(loc1),
+				URLs:           []string{server.URL + "/github.com/someorg/somename/@v/v0.3.2.zip#" + loc1.RealPath},
+				Locations:      file.NewLocationSet(),
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -146,21 +152,20 @@ func Test_RemoteProxyLicenseSearch(t *testing.T) {
 				Value:          "MIT",
 				SPDXExpression: "MIT",
 				Type:           license.Concluded,
-				Locations:      file.NewLocationSet(loc2),
+				URLs:           []string{server.URL + "/github.com/CapORG/CapProject/@v/v4.111.5.zip#" + loc2.RealPath},
+				Locations:      file.NewLocationSet(),
 			},
 		},
 	}
 
-	modDir := path.Join(t.TempDir())
-
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			l := newGoLicenses(
+
+			l := newGoLicenseResolver(
 				"",
 				CatalogerConfig{
 					SearchRemoteLicenses: true,
 					Proxies:              []string{server.URL},
-					LocalModCacheDir:     modDir,
 				},
 			)
 
@@ -240,3 +245,62 @@ func Test_findVersionPath(t *testing.T) {
 	vp := findVersionPath(f, ".")
 	require.Equal(t, "github.com/someorg/somepkg@version", vp)
 }
+
+func Test_walkDirErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	resolver := newGoLicenseResolver("", CatalogerConfig{})
+	_, err := resolver.findLicensesInFS("somewhere", badFS{})
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+type badFS struct{}
+
+func (b badFS) Open(_ string) (fs.File, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("error")
+}
+
+var _ fs.FS = (*badFS)(nil)
+
+func Test_noLocalGoModDir(t *testing.T) {
+	emptyTmp := t.TempDir()
+
+	validTmp := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(validTmp, "mod@ver"), 0700|os.ModeDir))
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		dir     string
+		wantErr require.ErrorAssertionFunc
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "empty",
+			dir:     "",
+			wantErr: require.Error,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "invalid dir",
+			dir:     filepath.Join(emptyTmp, "invalid-dir"),
+			wantErr: require.Error,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "missing mod dir",
+			dir:     emptyTmp,
+			wantErr: require.Error,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "valid mod dir",
+			dir:     validTmp,
+			wantErr: require.NoError,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			resolver := newGoLicenseResolver("", CatalogerConfig{
+				SearchLocalModCacheLicenses: true,
+				LocalModCacheDir:            test.dir,
+			})
+			_, err := resolver.getLicensesFromLocal("mod", "ver")
+			test.wantErr(t, err)
+		})
+	}
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/package.go

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ func (c *goBinaryCataloger) newGoBinaryPackage(resolver file.Resolver, dep *debu
 		dep = dep.Replace
 	}
 
-	licenses, err := c.licenses.getLicenses(resolver, dep.Path, dep.Version)
+	licenses, err := c.licenseResolver.getLicenses(resolver, dep.Path, dep.Version)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Tracef("error getting licenses for golang package: %s %v", dep.Path, err)
 	}

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/parse_go_binary.go

@@ -38,21 +38,21 @@ var (
 	// inject the correct version into the main module of the build process
 
 	knownBuildFlagPatterns = []*regexp.Regexp{
-		regexp.MustCompile(`(?m)\.([gG]it)?([bB]uild)?[vV]er(sion)?=(\S+/)*(?P<version>v?\d+.\d+.\d+[-\w]*)`),
-		regexp.MustCompile(`(?m)\.([tT]ag)=(\S+/)*(?P<version>v?\d+.\d+.\d+[-\w]*)`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?m)\.[a-zA-Z0-9]*([rR]elease)?([gG]it)?([bB]uild)?[vV]er(sion)?=(\S+/)*(?P<version>v?\d+.\d+.\d+[-\w]*)`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`(?m)\.[a-zA-Z0-9]*([tT]ag)=(\S+/)*(?P<version>v?\d+.\d+.\d+[-\w]*)`),
 	}
 )
 
 const devel = "(devel)"
 
 type goBinaryCataloger struct {
-	licenses          goLicenses
+	licenseResolver   goLicenseResolver
 	mainModuleVersion MainModuleVersionConfig
 }
 
 func newGoBinaryCataloger(opts CatalogerConfig) *goBinaryCataloger {
 	return &goBinaryCataloger{
-		licenses:          newGoLicenses(binaryCatalogerName, opts),
+		licenseResolver:   newGoLicenseResolver(binaryCatalogerName, opts),
 		mainModuleVersion: opts.MainModuleVersion,
 	}
 }
@@ -69,17 +69,38 @@ func (c *goBinaryCataloger) parseGoBinary(_ context.Context, resolver file.Resol
 	mods := scanFile(unionReader, reader.RealPath)
 	internal.CloseAndLogError(reader.ReadCloser, reader.RealPath)
 
+	var rels []artifact.Relationship
 	for _, mod := range mods {
-		pkgs = append(pkgs, c.buildGoPkgInfo(resolver, reader.Location, mod, mod.arch, unionReader)...)
+		var depPkgs []pkg.Package
+		mainPkg, depPkgs := c.buildGoPkgInfo(resolver, reader.Location, mod, mod.arch, unionReader)
+		if mainPkg != nil {
+			rels = createModuleRelationships(*mainPkg, depPkgs)
+			pkgs = append(pkgs, *mainPkg)
+		}
+		pkgs = append(pkgs, depPkgs...)
 	}
 
-	return pkgs, nil, nil
+	return pkgs, rels, nil
 }
 
-func (c *goBinaryCataloger) buildGoPkgInfo(resolver file.Resolver, location file.Location, mod *extendedBuildInfo, arch string, reader io.ReadSeekCloser) []pkg.Package {
+func createModuleRelationships(main pkg.Package, deps []pkg.Package) []artifact.Relationship {
+	var relationships []artifact.Relationship
+
+	for _, dep := range deps {
+		relationships = append(relationships, artifact.Relationship{
+			From: dep,
+			To:   main,
+			Type: artifact.DependencyOfRelationship,
+		})
+	}
+
+	return relationships
+}
+
+func (c *goBinaryCataloger) buildGoPkgInfo(resolver file.Resolver, location file.Location, mod *extendedBuildInfo, arch string, reader io.ReadSeekCloser) (*pkg.Package, []pkg.Package) {
 	var pkgs []pkg.Package
 	if mod == nil {
-		return pkgs
+		return nil, pkgs
 	}
 
 	var empty debug.Module
@@ -110,13 +131,12 @@ func (c *goBinaryCataloger) buildGoPkgInfo(resolver file.Resolver, location file
 	}
 
 	if mod.Main == empty {
-		return pkgs
+		return nil, pkgs
 	}
 
 	main := c.makeGoMainPackage(resolver, mod, arch, location, reader)
-	pkgs = append(pkgs, main)
 
-	return pkgs
+	return &main, pkgs
 }
 
 func (c *goBinaryCataloger) makeGoMainPackage(resolver file.Resolver, mod *extendedBuildInfo, arch string, location file.Location, reader io.ReadSeekCloser) pkg.Package {

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/parse_go_binary_test.go

@@ -964,7 +964,10 @@ func TestBuildGoPkgInfo(t *testing.T) {
 			c := newGoBinaryCataloger(DefaultCatalogerConfig())
 			reader, err := unionreader.GetUnionReader(io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(test.binaryContent)))
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			pkgs := c.buildGoPkgInfo(fileresolver.Empty{}, location, test.mod, test.mod.arch, reader)
+			mainPkg, pkgs := c.buildGoPkgInfo(fileresolver.Empty{}, location, test.mod, test.mod.arch, reader)
+			if mainPkg != nil {
+				pkgs = append(pkgs, *mainPkg)
+			}
 			require.Len(t, pkgs, len(test.expected))
 			for i, p := range pkgs {
 				pkgtest.AssertPackagesEqual(t, test.expected[i], p)
@@ -1077,6 +1080,18 @@ func Test_extractVersionFromLDFlags(t *testing.T) {
 			wantMajorVersion: "4",
 			wantFullVersion:  "v4.5.7",
 		},
+		{
+			name:             "TiDB 7.5.0 ldflags",
+			ldflags:          `build	-ldflags="-X \"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/parser/mysql.TiDBReleaseVersion=v7.5.0\" -X \"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/util/versioninfo.TiDBBuildTS=2023-11-24 08:51:04\" -X \"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/util/versioninfo.TiDBGitHash=069631e2ecfedc000ffb92c67207bea81380f020\" -X \"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/util/versioninfo.TiDBGitBranch=heads/refs/tags/v7.5.0\" -X \"github.com/pingcap/tidb/pkg/util/versioninfo.TiDBEdition=Community\" "`,
+			wantMajorVersion: "7",
+			wantFullVersion:  "v7.5.0",
+		},
+		{
+			name:             "TiDB 6.1.7 ldflags",
+			ldflags:          `build	-ldflags="-X \"github.com/pingcap/tidb/parser/mysql.TiDBReleaseVersion=v6.1.7\" -X \"github.com/pingcap/tidb/util/versioninfo.TiDBBuildTS=2023-07-04 12:06:03\" -X \"github.com/pingcap/tidb/util/versioninfo.TiDBGitHash=613ecc5f731b2843e1d53a43915e2cd8da795936\" -X \"github.com/pingcap/tidb/util/versioninfo.TiDBGitBranch=heads/refs/tags/v6.1.7\" -X \"github.com/pingcap/tidb/util/versioninfo.TiDBEdition=Community\" "`,
+			wantMajorVersion: "6",
+			wantFullVersion:  "v6.1.7",
+		},
 		//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 		// negative cases
 		{

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/parse_go_mod.go

@@ -19,7 +19,13 @@ import (
 )
 
 type goModCataloger struct {
-	licenses goLicenses
+	licenseResolver goLicenseResolver
+}
+
+func newGoModCataloger(opts CatalogerConfig) *goModCataloger {
+	return &goModCataloger{
+		licenseResolver: newGoLicenseResolver(modFileCatalogerName, opts),
+	}
 }
 
 // parseGoModFile takes a go.mod and lists all packages discovered.
@@ -44,7 +50,7 @@ func (c *goModCataloger) parseGoModFile(_ context.Context, resolver file.Resolve
 	}
 
 	for _, m := range f.Require {
-		licenses, err := c.licenses.getLicenses(resolver, m.Mod.Path, m.Mod.Version)
+		licenses, err := c.licenseResolver.getLicenses(resolver, m.Mod.Path, m.Mod.Version)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Tracef("error getting licenses for package: %s %v", m.Mod.Path, err)
 		}
@@ -65,7 +71,7 @@ func (c *goModCataloger) parseGoModFile(_ context.Context, resolver file.Resolve
 
 	// remove any old packages and replace with new ones...
 	for _, m := range f.Replace {
-		licenses, err := c.licenses.getLicenses(resolver, m.New.Path, m.New.Version)
+		licenses, err := c.licenseResolver.getLicenses(resolver, m.New.Path, m.New.Version)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Tracef("error getting licenses for package: %s %v", m.New.Path, err)
 		}

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/parse_go_mod_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/internal/fileresolver"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/pkgtest"
 )
@@ -91,10 +92,11 @@ func TestParseGoMod(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, test := range tests {
 		t.Run(test.fixture, func(t *testing.T) {
-			c := goModCataloger{}
+			c := newGoModCataloger(DefaultCatalogerConfig())
 			pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
 				FromFile(t, test.fixture).
 				Expects(test.expected, nil).
+				WithResolver(fileresolver.Empty{}).
 				TestParser(t, c.parseGoModFile)
 		})
 	}

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/stdlib_package.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package golang
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/artifact"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/cpe"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+)
+
+func stdlibProcessor(pkgs []pkg.Package, relationships []artifact.Relationship, err error) ([]pkg.Package, []artifact.Relationship, error) {
+	compilerPkgs, newRelationships := stdlibPackageAndRelationships(pkgs)
+	return append(pkgs, compilerPkgs...), append(relationships, newRelationships...), err
+}
+
+func stdlibPackageAndRelationships(pkgs []pkg.Package) ([]pkg.Package, []artifact.Relationship) {
+	var goCompilerPkgs []pkg.Package
+	var relationships []artifact.Relationship
+	totalLocations := file.NewLocationSet()
+	for _, goPkg := range pkgs {
+		mValue, ok := goPkg.Metadata.(pkg.GolangBinaryBuildinfoEntry)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// go binary packages should only contain a single location
+		for _, location := range goPkg.Locations.ToSlice() {
+			if totalLocations.Contains(location) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			stdLibPkg := newGoStdLib(mValue.GoCompiledVersion, goPkg.Locations)
+			if stdLibPkg != nil {
+				goCompilerPkgs = append(goCompilerPkgs, *stdLibPkg)
+				totalLocations.Add(location)
+			}
+
+			relationships = append(relationships, artifact.Relationship{
+				From: *stdLibPkg,
+				To:   goPkg,
+				Type: artifact.DependencyOfRelationship,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	return goCompilerPkgs, relationships
+}
+
+func newGoStdLib(version string, location file.LocationSet) *pkg.Package {
+	stdlibCpe, err := generateStdlibCpe(version)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	goCompilerPkg := &pkg.Package{
+		Name:      "stdlib",
+		Version:   version,
+		PURL:      packageURL("stdlib", strings.TrimPrefix(version, "go")),
+		CPEs:      []cpe.CPE{stdlibCpe},
+		Locations: location,
+		Licenses:  pkg.NewLicenseSet(pkg.NewLicense("BSD-3-Clause")),
+		Language:  pkg.Go,
+		Type:      pkg.GoModulePkg,
+		Metadata: pkg.GolangBinaryBuildinfoEntry{
+			GoCompiledVersion: version,
+		},
+	}
+	goCompilerPkg.SetID()
+
+	return goCompilerPkg
+}
+
+func generateStdlibCpe(version string) (stdlibCpe cpe.CPE, err error) {
+	// GoCompiledVersion when pulled from a binary is prefixed by go
+	version = strings.TrimPrefix(version, "go")
+
+	// we also need to trim starting from the first +<metadata>  to
+	// correctly extract potential rc candidate information for cpe generation
+	// ex: 2.0.0-rc.1+build.123 -> 2.0.0-rc.1; if no + is found then + is returned
+	after, _, found := strings.Cut("+", version)
+	if found {
+		version = after
+	}
+
+	// extracting <version> and <candidate>
+	// https://regex101.com/r/985GsI/1
+	captureGroups := internal.MatchNamedCaptureGroups(versionCandidateGroups, version)
+	vr, ok := captureGroups["version"]
+	if !ok || vr == "" {
+		return stdlibCpe, fmt.Errorf("could not match candidate version for: %s", version)
+	}
+
+	cpeString := fmt.Sprintf("cpe:2.3:a:golang:go:%s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*", captureGroups["version"])
+	if candidate, ok := captureGroups["candidate"]; ok && candidate != "" {
+		cpeString = fmt.Sprintf("cpe:2.3:a:golang:go:%s:%s:*:*:*:*:*:*", vr, candidate)
+	}
+
+	return cpe.New(cpeString, cpe.GeneratedSource)
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/stdlib_package_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+package golang
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/cmptest"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/artifact"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/cpe"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+)
+
+func Test_stdlibPackageAndRelationships(t *testing.T) {
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		pkgs     []pkg.Package
+		wantPkgs int
+		wantRels int
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "no packages",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ignore non-go-binary packages",
+			pkgs: []pkg.Package{
+				{
+					Name:     "not-go",
+					Version:  "1.0.0",
+					Metadata: pkg.GolangModuleEntry{},
+				},
+			},
+			wantPkgs: 0,
+			wantRels: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with go-binary packages -- missing location",
+			pkgs: []pkg.Package{
+				{
+					Name:    "github.com/something/go",
+					Version: "1.0.0",
+					Metadata: pkg.GolangBinaryBuildinfoEntry{
+						GoCompiledVersion: "go1.22.2",
+						MainModule:        "github.com/something/go",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantPkgs: 0,
+			wantRels: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "with go-binary packages",
+			pkgs: []pkg.Package{
+				{
+					Name:      "github.com/something/go",
+					Version:   "1.0.0",
+					Locations: file.NewLocationSet(file.NewLocation("/bin/my-app")),
+					Metadata: pkg.GolangBinaryBuildinfoEntry{
+						GoCompiledVersion: "go1.22.2",
+						MainModule:        "github.com/something/go",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			wantPkgs: 1,
+			wantRels: 1,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			gotPkgs, gotRels := stdlibPackageAndRelationships(tt.pkgs)
+			assert.Len(t, gotPkgs, tt.wantPkgs)
+			assert.Len(t, gotRels, tt.wantRels)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_stdlibPackageAndRelationships_values(t *testing.T) {
+	loc := file.NewLocation("/bin/my-app")
+	locSet := file.NewLocationSet(loc)
+	p := pkg.Package{
+		Name:      "github.com/something/go",
+		Version:   "1.0.0",
+		Locations: locSet,
+		Metadata: pkg.GolangBinaryBuildinfoEntry{
+			GoCompiledVersion: "go1.22.2",
+			MainModule:        "github.com/something/go",
+		},
+	}
+	p.SetID()
+
+	expectedPkg := pkg.Package{
+		Name:     "stdlib",
+		Version:  "go1.22.2",
+		PURL:     packageURL("stdlib", "1.22.2"),
+		Language: pkg.Go,
+		Type:     pkg.GoModulePkg,
+		Licenses: pkg.NewLicenseSet(pkg.NewLicense("BSD-3-Clause")),
+		CPEs: []cpe.CPE{
+			{
+				Attributes: cpe.MustAttributes("cpe:2.3:a:golang:go:1.22.2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*"),
+				Source:     "syft-generated",
+			},
+		},
+		Locations: locSet,
+		Metadata: pkg.GolangBinaryBuildinfoEntry{
+			GoCompiledVersion: "go1.22.2",
+		},
+	}
+
+	expectedPkg.SetID()
+
+	expectedRel := artifact.Relationship{
+		From: expectedPkg,
+		To:   p,
+		Type: artifact.DependencyOfRelationship,
+	}
+
+	gotPkgs, gotRels := stdlibPackageAndRelationships([]pkg.Package{p})
+	require.Len(t, gotPkgs, 1)
+
+	gotPkg := gotPkgs[0]
+	if d := cmp.Diff(expectedPkg, gotPkg, cmptest.DefaultCommonOptions()...); d != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected package (-want +got): %s", d)
+	}
+
+	require.Len(t, gotRels, 1)
+	gotRel := gotRels[0]
+
+	if d := cmp.Diff(expectedRel, gotRel, cmptest.DefaultCommonOptions()...); d != "" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected relationship (-want +got): %s", d)
+	}
+
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/test-fixtures/image-not-a-module/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/run-me

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/test-fixtures/image-not-a-module/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+FROM --platform=linux/amd64 golang:1.22.4 AS builder
+
+RUN mkdir /app
+WORKDIR /app
+
+COPY go.mod go.sum ./
+RUN go mod download
+COPY main.go main.go
+
+# building with "." vs "main.go" is a difference in the buildinfo section
+# specifically with main.go the buildinfo section will contain the following:
+#
+#   path command-line-arguments
+#
+# instead of
+#
+#  mod anchore.io/not/real
+#
+RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -o run-me main.go
+
+
+FROM scratch
+
+COPY --from=builder /app/run-me /run-me
+ENTRYPOINT ["/run-me"]

syft/pkg/cataloger/golang/test-fixtures/image-not-a-module/go.mod

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+module anchore.io/not/real
+
+go 1.22.1
+
+require github.com/mholt/archiver/v3 v3.5.1
+
+require (
+	github.com/andybalholm/brotli v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/dsnet/compress v0.0.2-0.20210315054119-f66993602bf5 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.11.4 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.5 // indirect
+	github.com/nwaples/rardecode v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/pierrec/lz4/v4 v4.1.2 // indirect
+	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.9 // indirect
+	github.com/xi2/xz v0.0.0-20171230120015-48954b6210f8 // indirect
+)