fix: preserve quoted args when deferring to tagged install script (#5363)

The installer word-split the original arguments when piping into a tagged release's `install.sh`, so `-b '/tmp/syft install path'` arrived as three words and the trailing word was treated as a release tag.

- argument parsing moved into `parse_install_args` so `main` keeps its original args
- tagged script is invoked with `"$@"` instead of the unquoted `PROGRAM_ARGS`

Port of anchore/grype#3738

Signed-off-by: Alex Goodman <wagoodman@users.noreply.github.com>

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ updates:
       - dependency-name: "github.com/aquasecurity/go-version"
       - dependency-name: "github.com/knqyf263/go-apk-version"
       - dependency-name: "github.com/knqyf263/go-deb-version"
+      # v1 changed SlicesAsSets hashing, which changes every artifact ID syft produces
+      - dependency-name: "github.com/gohugoio/hashstructure"
+        update-types: ["version-update:semver-major"]
 
   - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
     directories:

.github/workflows/validations.yaml

@@ -51,8 +51,19 @@ jobs:
     name: "Unit tests"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: [Unit-Test-Linux, Unit-Test-Windows]
+    # a skipped job satisfies a required check, so this job must always run and fail explicitly
+    # unless every dependency succeeded (otherwise a failing PR can still be auto-merged)
+    if: ${{ always() }}
     steps:
-      - run: echo All unit tests passed!
+      - name: Require all unit test jobs to succeed
+        env:
+          NEEDS: ${{ toJSON(needs) }}
+        run: |
+          echo "$NEEDS" | jq -e 'length > 0 and all(.[]; .result == "success")' > /dev/null || {
+            echo "$NEEDS" | jq -r 'to_entries[] | "\(.key): \(.value.result)"'
+            exit 1
+          }
+          echo All unit tests passed!
 
   Unit-Test-Linux:
     name: "Unit tests (Linux)"

.goreleaser.yaml

@@ -167,16 +167,13 @@ sboms:
       - "--output"
       - "json=$document"
 
+# the signature, certificate, and transparency log proof all land in a single sigstore bundle.
 signs:
   - cmd: .tool/cosign
-    signature: "${artifact}.sig"
-    certificate: "${artifact}.pem"
+    signature: "${artifact}.sigstore.json"
     args:
       - "sign-blob"
-      - "--use-signing-config=false"
-      - "--oidc-issuer=https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com"
-      - "--output-certificate=${certificate}"
-      - "--output-signature=${signature}"
+      - "--bundle=${signature}"
       - "${artifact}"
       - "--yes"
     artifacts: checksum

cmd/syft/internal/test/integration/catalog_packages_cases_test.go

@@ -524,4 +524,12 @@ var commonTestCases = []testCase{
 			"kong": "3.7.0-0",
 		},
 	},
+	{
+		name:        "find cpan distribution",
+		pkgType:     pkg.CpanPkg,
+		pkgLanguage: pkg.Perl,
+		pkgInfo: map[string]string{
+			"URI": "5.35",
+		},
+	},
 }

cmd/syft/internal/test/integration/testdata/image-pkg-coverage/pkgs/perl5/x86_64-linux/.meta/URI-5.35/MYMETA.json

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "abstract": "Uniform Resource Identifiers (absolute and relative)",
+  "license": ["perl_5"],
+  "meta-spec": {"version": 2},
+  "name": "URI",
+  "prereqs": {"runtime": {"requires": {"Carp": "0", "perl": "5.008001"}}},
+  "release_status": "stable",
+  "version": "5.35"
+}

cmd/syft/internal/test/integration/testdata/image-pkg-coverage/pkgs/perl5/x86_64-linux/.meta/URI-5.35/install.json

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "dist": "URI-5.35",
+  "name": "URI",
+  "pathname": "O/OA/OALDERS/URI-5.35.tar.gz",
+  "provides": {
+    "URI": {"file": "lib/URI.pm", "version": "5.35"},
+    "URI::Escape": {"file": "lib/URI/Escape.pm", "version": "5.35"}
+  },
+  "target": "URI",
+  "version": "5.35"
+}

go.mod

@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/anchore/go-sync v0.1.2
 	github.com/anchore/go-version v1.2.2-0.20200701162849-18adb9c92b9b
 	github.com/anchore/packageurl-go v0.2.0
-	github.com/anchore/stereoscope v0.3.2
+	github.com/anchore/stereoscope v0.3.3
 	github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20200514113438-38f4b401e2be
 	github.com/aquasecurity/go-pep440-version v0.0.1
 	github.com/bitnami/go-version v0.0.0-20250131085805-b1f57a8634ef
 	github.com/blakesmith/ar v0.0.0-20190502131153-809d4375e1fb
-	github.com/bmatcuk/doublestar/v4 v4.10.0
+	github.com/bmatcuk/doublestar/v4 v4.10.2
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0
 	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles v1.0.0
 	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea v1.3.10
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/spf13/afero v1.15.0
 	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.10.2
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.12.1
-	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.16
+	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.17
 	github.com/vbatts/go-mtree v0.7.0
 	github.com/vifraa/gopom v1.0.0
 	github.com/wagoodman/go-partybus v0.0.0-20230516145632-8ccac152c651
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ require (
 	cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.12.0 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/monitoring v1.30.0 // indirect
 	cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.65.1 // indirect
+	cyphar.com/go-pathrs v0.2.5 // indirect
 	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.5.5 // indirect
 	github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/detectors/gcp v1.33.0 // indirect
@@ -122,9 +123,10 @@ require (
 	github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/internal/resourcemapping v0.57.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.3-0.20251027160822-ad3df93bed29 // indirect
-	github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.15.0-rc.1 // indirect
+	github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.15.0-rc.4 // indirect
 	github.com/ProtonMail/go-crypto v1.4.1 // indirect
 	github.com/STARRY-S/zip v0.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/VividCortex/ewma v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/agext/levenshtein v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/anchore/go-lzo v0.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/anchore/go-struct-converter v0.2.0-rc2 // indirect
@@ -169,20 +171,25 @@ require (
 	github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.6.3 // indirect
 	github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20260202195803-dba9d589def2 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/cgroups/v3 v3.1.3 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/containerd/api v1.11.1 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/containerd/v2 v2.3.6 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/containerd/api v1.12.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/containerd/v2 v2.4.1 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/continuity v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/errdefs v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/errdefs/pkg v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/fifo v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/log v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/log/otel v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/platforms v1.0.0-rc.5 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/plugin v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/ttrpc v1.2.8 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.2.3 // indirect
-	github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/docker/cli v29.8.0+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.9.5 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/estargz v0.18.2 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/ttrpc v1.2.9 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containers/libtrust v0.0.0-20230121012942-c1716e8a8d01 // indirect
+	github.com/containers/ocicrypt v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/cyberphone/json-canonicalization v0.0.0-20241213102144-19d51d7fe467 // indirect
+	github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin v0.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/cli v29.8.1+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.9.8 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.8.1 // indirect
 	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/dsnet/compress v0.0.2-0.20230904184137-39efe44ab707 // indirect
@@ -192,17 +199,17 @@ require (
 	github.com/erikgeiser/coninput v0.0.0-20211004153227-1c3628e74d0f // indirect
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.19.0 // indirect
 	github.com/felixge/fgprof v0.9.5 // indirect
-	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
-	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.9.0 // indirect
+	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.10.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.15 // indirect
 	github.com/gkampitakis/ciinfo v0.3.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-git/gcfg v1.5.1-0.20230307220236-3a3c6141e376 // indirect
-	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.4 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-restruct/restruct v1.2.0-alpha // indirect
-	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20241129210726-2c02b8208cf8 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-intervals v0.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20260802141513-ef3492d7dac3 // indirect
 	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.20 // indirect
@@ -226,10 +233,13 @@ require (
 	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.14 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.24 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-localereader v0.0.2-0.20220822084749-2491eb6c1c75 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.21 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.27 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.48 // indirect
 	github.com/mgutz/ansi v0.0.0-20200706080929-d51e80ef957d // indirect
+	github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/mikelolasagasti/xz v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/minio/minlz v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mistifyio/go-zfs/v4 v4.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/copystructure v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/go-wordwrap v1.0.1 // indirect
@@ -238,10 +248,10 @@ require (
 	github.com/moby/locker v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/moby/api v1.56.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/moby/client v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/sys/sequential v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/capability v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/signal v0.7.1 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/sys/user v0.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/moby/sys/userns v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/user v0.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/userns v0.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.3-0.20250322232337-35a7c28c31ee // indirect
 	github.com/muesli/ansi v0.0.0-20230316100256-276c6243b2f6 // indirect
@@ -254,6 +264,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/olekukonko/ll v0.1.6 // indirect
 	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.15.1 // indirect
 	github.com/pborman/indent v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/pierrec/lz4/v4 v4.1.26 // indirect
@@ -264,46 +275,59 @@ require (
 	github.com/pkg/xattr v0.4.12 // indirect
 	github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10 // indirect
 	github.com/pquerna/cachecontrol v0.0.0-20180517163645-1555304b9b35 // indirect
+	github.com/proglottis/gpgme v0.1.6 // indirect
 	github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec // indirect
 	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.7 // indirect
 	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.14.1 // indirect
 	github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.11.0 // indirect
 	github.com/sahilm/fuzzy v0.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/secure-systems-lab/go-securesystemslib v0.11.0 // indirect
 	github.com/shopspring/decimal v1.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.4 // indirect
+	github.com/sigstore/fulcio v1.8.7 // indirect
+	github.com/sigstore/protobuf-specs v0.5.1 // indirect
+	github.com/sigstore/sigstore v1.10.8 // indirect
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.10.2 // indirect
 	github.com/skeema/knownhosts v1.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/smallnest/ringbuffer v0.0.0-20241116012123-461381446e3d // indirect
+	github.com/smallstep/pkcs7 v0.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/sorairolake/lzip-go v0.3.8 // indirect
 	github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.1-0.20240121214520-5f936abd7ae8 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/cast v1.10.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.10 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/viper v1.21.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/stefanberger/go-pkcs11uri v0.0.0-20230803200340-78284954bff6 // indirect
 	github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.3 // indirect
 	github.com/subosito/gotenv v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/sylabs/sif/v2 v2.24.1 // indirect
 	github.com/sylabs/squashfs v1.0.6 // indirect
+	github.com/tchap/go-patricia/v2 v2.3.3 // indirect
 	github.com/therootcompany/xz v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/tidwall/gjson v1.19.0 // indirect
 	github.com/tidwall/match v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/tidwall/pretty v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/tidwall/sjson v1.2.5 // indirect
+	github.com/vbatts/tar-split v0.12.3 // indirect
+	github.com/vbauerster/cupwriter v0.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/vbauerster/mpb/v8 v8.14.0 // indirect
 	github.com/xanzy/ssh-agent v0.3.3 // indirect
 	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer v0.0.0-20190905194746-02993c407bfb // indirect
 	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonreference v0.0.0-20180127040603-bd5ef7bd5415 // indirect
 	github.com/xi2/xz v0.0.0-20171230120015-48954b6210f8 // indirect
 	github.com/xo/terminfo v0.0.0-20220910002029-abceb7e1c41e // indirect
+	github.com/youmark/pkcs8 v0.0.0-20240726163527-a2c0da244d78 // indirect
 	github.com/zclconf/go-cty v1.19.0 // indirect
-	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/detectors/gcp v1.44.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.68.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.68.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.45.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.45.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.45.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.45.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.45.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.71.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.71.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.46.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.46.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.46.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.46.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.46.0 // indirect
+	go.podman.io/image/v5 v5.41.2 // indirect
+	go.podman.io/storage v1.64.1 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v4 v4.0.0-rc.2 // indirect
 	go4.org v0.0.0-20230225012048-214862532bf5 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.57.0 // indirect
@@ -316,8 +340,8 @@ require (
 	gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.17.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/api v0.294.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20260715232425-e75dac1f907d // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260715232425-e75dac1f907d // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260819154853-08b0e4226688 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260825221802-da73d73af1c5 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260825221802-da73d73af1c5 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.83.2 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.12 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/warnings.v0 v0.1.2 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.65.1 h1:LRRpBJUTf+OXDPX9jZUKZ3mSLIsz3htG+qUpeNZov
 cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.65.1/go.mod h1:UsS9OgFg/XHOSYakQ8ZtLWWeyGkk1WnmD/GsGfN0BHM=
 cloud.google.com/go/trace v1.16.0 h1:GmQovzFc5F0CNfl0VLgL64aoTtu7xsM0YajW2GlG9+E=
 cloud.google.com/go/trace v1.16.0/go.mod h1:r+bdAn16dKLSV1G2D5v3e58IlQlizfxWrUfjx7kM7X0=
+cyphar.com/go-pathrs v0.2.5 h1:SnX9FBvnoyn3lUs1dkMgZ52bAETpirNu3FTRh5HlRik=
+cyphar.com/go-pathrs v0.2.5/go.mod h1:y8f1EMG7r+hCuFf/rXsKqMJrJAUoADZGNh5/vZPKcGc=
 dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2 h1:85+piFYR1tMbRrLcDwR18y4UKJ3aH1Tbzi24VRW1TK8=
 dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2/go.mod h1:E/hbnu0NxMFBjpMIE34DRGLWqDy0g5FuKDhCb31ngxA=
 dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl v0.0.0-20190408044501-666a987793e9/go.mod h1:H6x//7gZCb22OMCxBHrMx7a5I7Hp++hsVxbQ4BYO7hU=
@@ -99,8 +101,8 @@ github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.3.0/go.mod h1:Zy1iXRYNqNLUolqCpL4uhk6SHUMAOSC
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.5.2/go.mod h1:WpS1mjBmmwHBEWmogvA2mj8546UReBk4v8QkMxJ6pZY=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.3-0.20251027160822-ad3df93bed29 h1:0kQAzHq8vLs7Pptv+7TxjdETLf/nIqJpIB4oC6Ba4vY=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.3-0.20251027160822-ad3df93bed29/go.mod h1:ZWa7ssZJT30CCDGJ7fk/2SBTq9BIQrrVjrcss0UW2s0=
-github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.15.0-rc.1 h1:FbbwtQmiD+BVHynGkx5S65JkLyhkEiiTP8nrpmg2SZw=
-github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.15.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:HWvvUPIy9HF6LotILj1G4VyS065rcLQ6tqj6tMUdOfI=
+github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.15.0-rc.4 h1:aZFX4LH0S20Lgjq0wG61StIClj7im4yzrxIClkaR8Z8=
+github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.15.0-rc.4/go.mod h1:BA9CBztgu4h/6Jsvo1O1M4qjWw09PoYpaEYgexPE578=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2/go.mod h1:HSdplMjZKSmBqAxg5vPj2TmRDmfkzw+cTzAElWljhcU=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.8 h1:31czK/TI9sNkxIKfaUfGlU47BAxQ0ztGgd9vPyqimf8=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.8/go.mod h1:eZbhyaAYD41SGSSsnmcpxVoRiQ/MPUTjUdIIOT9Um7Q=
@@ -108,6 +110,8 @@ github.com/ProtonMail/go-crypto v1.4.1 h1:9RfcZHqEQUvP8RzecWEUafnZVtEvrBVL9BiF67
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@@ -146,8 +150,8 @@ github.com/anchore/go-version v1.2.2-0.20200701162849-18adb9c92b9b h1:e1bmaoJfZV
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@@ -225,8 +229,8 @@ github.com/bitnami/go-version v0.0.0-20250131085805-b1f57a8634ef h1:TSFnfbbu2oAO
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@@ -294,10 +298,10 @@ github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20260202195803-dba9d589def2 h1:aBangftG7EVZoUb69Os
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@@ -306,23 +310,33 @@ github.com/containerd/errdefs/pkg v0.3.0 h1:9IKJ06FvyNlexW690DXuQNx2KA2cUJXx151X
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@@ -339,10 +353,12 @@ github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 h1:0IXCQ5g4/QMHHkarYzh5l+u8T3t73zM5Qvfr
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@@ -381,8 +397,8 @@ github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.3.3 h1:MVQghNeW+LZcmXe7SY1V36Z+WFMD
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@@ -396,13 +412,13 @@ github.com/fatih/set v0.2.1/go.mod h1:+RKtMCH+favT2+3YecHGxcc0b4KyVWA1QWWJUs4E0C
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@@ -427,8 +443,8 @@ github.com/go-git/go-git/v5 v5.19.2/go.mod h1:QqCBE1EFN5ddFmrliLQ3/ntRCUjZU3EJuw
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@@ -453,7 +469,6 @@ github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.19.2 h1:PmFC1S6h8ljIz6gMRBopkjP1TVT7xuwrButHID66PoM=
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@@ -507,10 +522,13 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.3/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/
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@@ -543,6 +561,7 @@ github.com/google/renameio v0.1.0/go.mod h1:KWCgfxg9yswjAJkECMjeO8J8rahYeXnNhOm4
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@@ -558,6 +577,8 @@ github.com/gookit/assert v0.1.1/go.mod h1:jS5bmIVQZTIwk42uXl4lyj4iaaxx32tqH16CFj
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@@ -692,8 +713,10 @@ github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.24 h1:tGZZoVgT/KiqK1c8ocVLeDS8BSWMRd47J3Lbz7vsRe
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@@ -702,10 +725,14 @@ github.com/mholt/archives v0.1.5/go.mod h1:3TPMmBLPsgszL+1As5zECTuKwKvIfj6YcwWPp
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@@ -727,16 +754,16 @@ github.com/moby/moby/api v1.56.0 h1:GQzua3NA599ASSIICx0iFgiJeO9YkdDARvQsm23ZZuQ=
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@@ -776,6 +803,8 @@ github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1 h1:y0fUlFfIZhPF1W537XOLg0/fcx6zcHCJw
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@@ -814,6 +843,8 @@ github.com/posener/complete v1.1.1/go.mod h1:em0nMJCgc9GFtwrmVmEMR/ZL6WyhyjMBndr
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@@ -826,8 +857,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/common v0.9.1/go.mod h1:yhUN8i9wzaXS3w1O07YhxHEBxD+W35wd8b
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@@ -853,6 +884,8 @@ github.com/saintfish/chardet v0.0.0-20230101081208-5e3ef4b5456d h1:hrujxIzL1woJ7
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+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.46.0/go.mod h1:J7GAXweO77XSFkB/rmAqk9D6ihszhFjLU+d9WuUxDLI=
 go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:PqfVotwruBrMGOCsRd/89rSnXhoiJIqeYNgFYFoEGnI=
+go.podman.io/image/v5 v5.41.2 h1:YnVaFrGLPWSBmipKfNvlOsGcBtk5bUxlPxQ+A6CS/uo=
+go.podman.io/image/v5 v5.41.2/go.mod h1:T/bzxEFpdpAzyHabPmcq5K+my3wBsht22sFkFjJSKT4=
+go.podman.io/storage v1.64.1 h1:DqbG8scW/bD3xHiSRzV7O5fzn46qVC+SwmUN6C6Fr5w=
+go.podman.io/storage v1.64.1/go.mod h1:ft0DzCRMZs1yn0rszmLYXEEwgd7IIc66JRwSRPUDwwc=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.7.0/go.mod h1:fEN4uk6kAWBTFdckzkM89CLk9XfWZrxpCo0nPH17wJc=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0/go.mod h1:CoHD4mav9JJNrW/WLlf7HGZPjdw8EucARQHekz1X6bE=
@@ -1043,6 +1100,10 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPh
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210817164053-32db794688a5/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220622213112-05595931fe9d/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.13.0/go.mod h1:y6Z2r+Rw4iayiXXAIxJIDAJ1zMW4yaTpebo8fPOliYc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.19.0/go.mod h1:Iy9bg/ha4yyC70EfRS8jz+B6ybOBKMaSxLj6P6oBDfU=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0/go.mod h1:CKFgDieR+mRhux2Lsu27y0fO304Db0wZe70UKqHu0v8=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.33.0/go.mod h1:bVdXmD7IV/4GdElGPozy6U7lWdRXA4qyRVGJV57uQ5M=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.57.0 h1:3ZVCjf8Ggz7zneR/EHRVx68Ctf+2pmIMP2UFhh9cC6M=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.57.0/go.mod h1:Fdz0i5U6CoizGwLda9DttjSk6qlZo25zYNtR+ycvuZA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
@@ -1084,6 +1145,10 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.4.1/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.5.0/go.mod h1:5OXOZSfqPIIbmVBIIKWRFfZjPR0E5r58TLhUjH0a2Ro=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4/go.mod h1:jJ57K6gSWd91VN4djpZkiMVwK6gcyfeH4XE8wZrZaV4=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.8.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.12.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.15.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.41.0 h1:qJmnOUb4YB+FsEuM3HcWucdZASCPGhsX6uljO6pog0c=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.41.0/go.mod h1:Ek9pY8RKWXwsWvd3rQiHYtMqkjSUV+s1Rj7j4H5Ur6o=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180724234803-3673e40ba225/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
@@ -1129,7 +1194,12 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210503060351-7fd8e65b6420/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qx
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210813160813-60bc85c4be6d/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220722155237-a158d28d115b/go.mod h1:XRhObCWvk6IyKnWLug+ECip1KBveYUHfp+8e9klMJ9c=
+golang.org/x/net v0.6.0/go.mod h1:2Tu9+aMcznHK/AK1HMvgo6xiTLG5rD5rZLDS+rp2Bjs=
 golang.org/x/net v0.7.0/go.mod h1:2Tu9+aMcznHK/AK1HMvgo6xiTLG5rD5rZLDS+rp2Bjs=
+golang.org/x/net v0.10.0/go.mod h1:0qNGK6F8kojg2nk9dLZ2mShWaEBan6FAoqfSigmmuDg=
+golang.org/x/net v0.15.0/go.mod h1:idbUs1IY1+zTqbi8yxTbhexhEEk5ur9LInksu6HrEpk=
+golang.org/x/net v0.21.0/go.mod h1:bIjVDfnllIU7BJ2DNgfnXvpSvtn8VRwhlsaeUTyUS44=
+golang.org/x/net v0.25.0/go.mod h1:JkAGAh7GEvH74S6FOH42FLoXpXbE/aqXSrIQjXgsiwM=
 golang.org/x/net v0.59.0 h1:5zfYln+w5XCxwrnMMJPufRgNoXEaGxl0wo5GqPXyues=
 golang.org/x/net v0.59.0/go.mod h1:2DA/G1UfVbCpQPeWTmMPGY7Cs2PkBkwu743bVX5PIVg=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
@@ -1163,6 +1233,11 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201207232520-09787c993a3a/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220722155255-886fb9371eb4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0/go.mod h1:FU7BRWz2tNW+3quACPkgCx/L+uEAv1htQ0V83Z9Rj+Y=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.11.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.23.0 h1:KameEIfc1IkluZyXWLn39Wd4tURc6GbCiISGiZm2bQk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.23.0/go.mod h1:sUUOizhqBxiL6pEWpqNLUiaJn1ShEbZ6BBqskPbjZm0=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180823144017-11551d06cbcc/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -1239,11 +1314,22 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220722155257-8c9f86f7a55f/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.5.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.30.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.48.0 h1:bbX/i/6MgT9BVLM9RT1thmxL04yeTAhbEz4SyadbXoo=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.48.0/go.mod h1:hNLxWAXmnKAxqDtdwIYC4bM9oQPEecfsnNMuSxOs3og=
+golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240228155512-f48c80bd79b2/go.mod h1:TeRTkGYfJXctD9OcfyVLyj2J3IxLnKwHJR8f4D8a3YE=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
 golang.org/x/term v0.5.0/go.mod h1:jMB1sMXY+tzblOD4FWmEbocvup2/aLOaQEp7JmGp78k=
+golang.org/x/term v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xPskH00ivmX89bAKVGSKKtLOWNx2+17Eiy94tnKShWo=
+golang.org/x/term v0.12.0/go.mod h1:owVbMEjm3cBLCHdkQu9b1opXd4ETQWc3BhuQGKgXgvU=
+golang.org/x/term v0.17.0/go.mod h1:lLRBjIVuehSbZlaOtGMbcMncT+aqLLLmKrsjNrUguwk=
+golang.org/x/term v0.20.0/go.mod h1:8UkIAJTvZgivsXaD6/pH6U9ecQzZ45awqEOzuCvwpFY=
+golang.org/x/term v0.29.0/go.mod h1:6bl4lRlvVuDgSf3179VpIxBF0o10JUpXWOnI7nErv7s=
 golang.org/x/term v0.46.0 h1:3+OXuTbaKDgwk8jTi3aSLHRlmWqHEUDUtxnbFigO4YE=
 golang.org/x/term v0.46.0/go.mod h1:+K02xbkittuwc0Am4abfA3Fc+XRGXkvBXNO88NCXPoc=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -1256,6 +1342,11 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.5/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.7.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.13.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
+golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
+golang.org/x/text v0.15.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
+golang.org/x/text v0.22.0/go.mod h1:YRoo4H8PVmsu+E3Ou7cqLVH8oXWIHVoX0jqUWALQhfY=
 golang.org/x/text v0.42.0 h1:JbOZXgfeCPU9gacVtYliJqOhD+zhrEqK4LfdpmlUZqI=
 golang.org/x/text v0.42.0/go.mod h1:ojzP1Z+2QtioaF8DTtO8K5q7JWVVYwZKenzujK0Zd0E=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
@@ -1318,6 +1409,9 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.1.3/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.4/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.5/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.12/go.mod h1:hNGJHUnrk76NpqgfD5Aqm5Crs+Hm0VOH/i9J2+nxYbc=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.13.0/go.mod h1:HvlwmtVNQAhOuCjW7xxvovg8wbNq7LwfXh/k7wXUl58=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.21.1-0.20240508182429-e35e4ccd0d2d/go.mod h1:aiJjzUbINMkxbQROHiO6hDPo2LHcIPhhQsa9DLh0yGk=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.50.0 h1:c2ifzfcuY7L90lZ2aKd8S4K2NpASF08SZx9ZuJkHmSU=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.50.0/go.mod h1:7ulVMw3831Mwi5EZD6RomGyffr4VFjuNYXf2BbCEAV0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@@ -1434,10 +1528,10 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20211206160659-862468c7d6e0/go.mod h1:5CzLGKJ6
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20211208223120-3a66f561d7aa/go.mod h1:5CzLGKJ67TSI2B9POpiiyGha0AjJvZIUgRMt1dSmuhc=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20260715232425-e75dac1f907d h1:C9v1o0/4quuhOAfmRXA2j+we0PqZIp8traLdeogF3Ms=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20260715232425-e75dac1f907d/go.mod h1:Wz2wFJntZFmLGo7pLDXZ3wYk5hyc0Mb+SkHhDDXT+lU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260715232425-e75dac1f907d h1:QwnJwPte4XXAkhPu26LTDIahnsMSUV0kK8HkxbC+Pc4=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260715232425-e75dac1f907d/go.mod h1:WRrQ7/7N19PypuT0fxLOL5Lq0waoiRri4FbtHDEKrGE=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260819154853-08b0e4226688 h1:cYNAzI2sUwhmCcoj9TxvihSrqsxt6uIkj3rDRhSDmW4=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260819154853-08b0e4226688/go.mod h1:DjtHYE8FKJLivXcBEjGwndXfIC23G0VpXiXKqG179uA=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260825221802-da73d73af1c5 h1:izFU9hz7aeLI/Mi1J0991ae+xcwRLr7hTqWnB/9aIIU=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20260825221802-da73d73af1c5/go.mod h1:3LhxRw4YYkf+ylAfgaY9JlVLFKhokkCV8duhLLe7+t0=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260825221802-da73d73af1c5 h1:1VUiZAXyC+zmiFYi+WLtBzr68Cj8wOofHjjrA/kkizc=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20260825221802-da73d73af1c5/go.mod h1:DjtHYE8FKJLivXcBEjGwndXfIC23G0VpXiXKqG179uA=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.20.1/go.mod h1:10oTOabMzJvdu6/UiuZezV6QK5dSlG84ov/aaiqXj38=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.21.1/go.mod h1:oYelfM1adQP15Ek0mdvEgi9Df8B9CZIaU1084ijfRaM=

install.sh

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ REPO="${PROJECT_NAME}"
 GITHUB_DOWNLOAD_PREFIX=https://github.com/${OWNER}/${REPO}/releases/download
 INSTALL_SH_BASE_URL=https://get.anchore.io/${PROJECT_NAME}
 LEGACY_INSTALL_SH_BASE_URL=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/${OWNER}/${PROJECT_NAME}
-PROGRAM_ARGS=$@
 
 # signature verification options
 
@@ -19,6 +18,8 @@ VERIFY_SIGN=false
 VERIFY_SIGN_SUPPORTED_VERSION=v0.104.0
 # this is the earliest tag in the repo where the -v flag was introduced to this install.sh script
 VERIFY_SIGN_FLAG_VERSION=v1.6.0
+# releases at or after this version are signed with a sigstore bundle (.sigstore.json); earlier releases ship a separate .sig and .pem
+VERIFY_SIGN_BUNDLE_VERSION=v1.53.0
 
 # do not change the name of this parameter (this must always be backwards compatible)
 DOWNLOAD_TAG_INSTALL_SCRIPT=${DOWNLOAD_TAG_INSTALL_SCRIPT:-true}
@@ -386,8 +387,8 @@ download_github_release_checksums_files() (
   complete_url=$(github_release_asset_url "${download_url}" "${name}" "${version}" "${filename}")
   output_path="${output_dir}/${complete_filename}"
 
-  http_download "${output_path}" "${complete_url}" ""
-  asset_file_exists "${output_path}"
+  http_download "${output_path}" "${complete_url}" "" || return 1
+  asset_file_exists "${output_path}" || return 1
 
   log_trace "download_github_release_checksums_files() returned '${output_path}' for file '${complete_filename}'"
 
@@ -585,28 +586,31 @@ download_and_install_asset() (
   install_asset "${asset_filepath}" "${install_path}" "${binary}"
 )
 
-# verify_sign [checksums-file-path] [certificate-reference] [signature-reference] [version]
+# verify_sign [checksums-file-path] [verification-material-flags...]
 #
 # attempts verify the signature of the checksums file from the release workflow in Github Actions run against the main branch.
+# the verification material is either "--bundle <path>" or (for older releases) "--certificate <ref> --signature <ref>".
 #
 verify_sign() {
   checksums_file=$1
-  cert_reference=$2
-  sig_reference=$3
+  shift
 
-  log_trace "verifying artifact $1"
+  log_trace "verifying artifact ${checksums_file}"
 
   log_file=$(mktemp)
 
   ${COSIGN_BINARY} \
     verify-blob "$checksums_file" \
-      --certificate "$cert_reference" \
-      --signature "$sig_reference" \
+      "$@" \
       --certificate-identity "https://github.com/${OWNER}/${REPO}/.github/workflows/release.yaml@refs/heads/main" \
       --certificate-oidc-issuer "https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com" > "${log_file}" 2>&1
 
   if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
     log_err "$(cat "${log_file}")"
+    # cosign older than v2.4.2 can't read the bundle's verification material and reports a missing cert
+    if [ "$1" = "--bundle" ] && grep -q "bundle does not contain cert" "${log_file}"; then
+      log_err "note: releases >= ${VERIFY_SIGN_BUNDLE_VERSION} are verified with a sigstore bundle, which requires cosign v2.5.0 or newer (check '${COSIGN_BINARY} version')"
+    fi
     rm -f "${log_file}"
     return 1
   fi
@@ -630,7 +634,10 @@ download_asset() (
 
   log_trace "download_asset(url=${download_url}, destination=${destination}, name=${name}, os=${os}, arch=${arch}, version=${version}, format=${format})"
 
-  checksums_filepath=$(download_github_release_checksums "${download_url}" "${name}" "${version}" "${destination}")
+  if ! checksums_filepath=$(download_github_release_checksums "${download_url}" "${name}" "${version}" "${destination}"); then
+    log_err "unable to download checksums file"
+    return 1
+  fi
 
   log_trace "checksums content:\n$(cat ${checksums_filepath})"
 
@@ -642,13 +649,25 @@ download_asset() (
   fi
 
   if [ "$VERIFY_SIGN" = true ]; then
-    checksum_sig_file_url=$(github_release_checksums_sig_url "${download_url}" "${name}" "${version}")
-    log_trace "checksums signature url: ${checksum_sig_file_url}"
+    if compare_semver "${version}" "${VERIFY_SIGN_BUNDLE_VERSION}"; then
+      if ! checksums_bundle_filepath=$(download_github_release_checksums_files "${download_url}" "${name}" "${version}" "${destination}" "checksums.txt.sigstore.json"); then
+        log_err "unable to download checksums signature bundle"
+        return 1
+      fi
+      log_trace "checksums bundle: ${checksums_bundle_filepath}"
 
-    checksums_cert_file_url=$(github_release_checksums_cert_url "${download_url}" "${name}" "${version}")
-    log_trace "checksums certificate url: ${checksums_cert_file_url}"
+      set -- --bundle "${checksums_bundle_filepath}"
+    else
+      checksum_sig_file_url=$(github_release_checksums_sig_url "${download_url}" "${name}" "${version}")
+      log_trace "checksums signature url: ${checksum_sig_file_url}"
 
-    if ! verify_sign "${checksums_filepath}" "${checksums_cert_file_url}" "${checksum_sig_file_url}"; then
+      checksums_cert_file_url=$(github_release_checksums_cert_url "${download_url}" "${name}" "${version}")
+      log_trace "checksums certificate url: ${checksums_cert_file_url}"
+
+      set -- --certificate "${checksums_cert_file_url}" --signature "${checksum_sig_file_url}"
+    fi
+
+    if ! verify_sign "${checksums_filepath}" "$@"; then
       log_err "signature verification failed"
       return 1
     fi
@@ -657,9 +676,15 @@ download_asset() (
 
   asset_url="${download_url}/${asset_filename}"
   asset_filepath="${destination}/${asset_filename}"
-  http_download "${asset_filepath}" "${asset_url}" ""
+  if ! http_download "${asset_filepath}" "${asset_url}" ""; then
+    log_err "unable to download asset '${asset_url}'"
+    return 1
+  fi
 
-  hash_sha256_verify "${asset_filepath}" "${checksums_filepath}"
+  # this is what ties the asset to the (optionally signature verified) checksums file, so a mismatch must stop the install
+  if ! hash_sha256_verify "${asset_filepath}" "${checksums_filepath}"; then
+    return 1
+  fi
 
   log_trace "download_asset_by_checksums_file() returned '${asset_filepath}'"
 
@@ -765,7 +790,7 @@ prep_signature_verification() {
   fi
 }
 
-main() (
+parse_install_args() {
   # parse arguments
 
   # note: never change default install directory (this must always be backwards compatible)
@@ -805,6 +830,11 @@ EOF
 
   set +u
   tag=$1
+  set -u
+}
+
+main() (
+  parse_install_args "$@"
 
   if [ -z "${tag}" ]; then
     log_info "checking github for the current release tag"
@@ -812,7 +842,6 @@ EOF
   else
     log_info "checking github for release tag='${tag}'"
   fi
-  set -u
 
   if ! tag=$(get_release_tag "${OWNER}" "${REPO}" "${tag}"); then
       log_err "unable to find tag='${tag}'"
@@ -843,7 +872,7 @@ EOF
           log_warn "failed to fetch from ${INSTALL_SH_BASE_URL}, trying fallback URL"
           install_script=$(http_copy "${LEGACY_INSTALL_SH_BASE_URL}/${tag}/install.sh" "")
       fi
-      echo "${install_script}" | sh -s -- ${PROGRAM_ARGS}
+      echo "${install_script}" | sh -s -- "$@"
       exit $?
   fi
 

internal/capabilities/generate/merge.go

@@ -502,6 +502,19 @@ func convertToJSONSchemaTypesFromMetadata(metadataTypes []string) []string {
 	return result
 }
 
+// packageTypeConstName renders a package type using its go constant name, which is what the detector
+// "type" field reports (e.g. "BinaryPkg").
+// a switch rather than a derivation, since pkg.Type values don't reliably map back to their constant
+// names (e.g. "java-archive" is JavaPkg); add an arm when a classifier declares a new type.
+func packageTypeConstName(t pkg.Type) string {
+	switch t {
+	case pkg.CpanPkg:
+		return "CpanPkg"
+	default:
+		return "BinaryPkg"
+	}
+}
+
 // EnrichWithBinaryClassifier enriches an entry with binary classifier detectors if it's the binary-classifier-cataloger
 func (e *EnrichmentData) EnrichWithBinaryClassifier(catalogerName string, entry *capabilities.CatalogerEntry) {
 	// special handling for binary-classifier-cataloger: auto-generate one detector per classifier
@@ -523,7 +536,7 @@ func (e *EnrichmentData) EnrichWithBinaryClassifier(catalogerName string, entry
 					Name:  classifier.Package,
 					PURL:  purlStr,
 					CPEs:  cpeStrings,
-					Type:  "BinaryPkg",
+					Type:  packageTypeConstName(classifier.PackageType()),
 				},
 			}
 

internal/constants.go

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package internal
 const (
 	// JSONSchemaVersion is the current schema version output by the JSON encoder
 	// This is roughly following the "SchemaVer" guidelines for versioning the JSON schema. Please see schema/json/README.md for details on how to increment.
-	JSONSchemaVersion = "16.1.10"
+	JSONSchemaVersion = "16.1.11"
 
 	// Changelog
 	// 16.1.0 - reformulated the python pdm fields (added "URL" and removed the unused "path" field).
@@ -17,4 +17,5 @@ const (
 	// 16.1.8 - add VcpkgManifest metadata type for vcpkg manifest support
 	// 16.1.9 - add Symbols (grouped by owning package import path) to GolangBinaryBuildinfoEntry metadata
 	// 16.1.10 - add SafeTensorsModelInfo metadata type for the safetensors AI model cataloger
+	// 16.1.11 - add CpanDistribution and CpanUnpackedRelease metadata types for the perl catalogers
 )

internal/packagemetadata/generated.go

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ func AllTypes() []any {
 		pkg.ConanfileEntry{},
 		pkg.ConaninfoEntry{},
 		pkg.CondaMetaPackage{},
+		pkg.CpanDistribution{},
+		pkg.CpanUnpackedRelease{},
 		pkg.DartPubspec{},
 		pkg.DartPubspecLockEntry{},
 		pkg.DenoLockEntry{},

internal/packagemetadata/names.go

@@ -71,6 +71,8 @@ var jsonTypes = makeJSONTypes(
 	jsonNames(pkg.ConanV2LockEntry{}, "c-conan-lock-v2-entry"),
 	jsonNames(pkg.ConanfileEntry{}, "c-conan-file-entry", "ConanMetadataType"),
 	jsonNames(pkg.ConaninfoEntry{}, "c-conan-info-entry"),
+	jsonNames(pkg.CpanDistribution{}, "cpan-distribution"),
+	jsonNames(pkg.CpanUnpackedRelease{}, "cpan-unpacked-release"),
 	jsonNames(pkg.DartPubspecLockEntry{}, "dart-pubspec-lock-entry", "DartPubMetadata"),
 	jsonNames(pkg.DartPubspec{}, "dart-pubspec"),
 	jsonNames(pkg.DenoLockEntry{}, "deno-lock-entry"),

internal/relationship/by_file_ownership_test.go

@@ -279,6 +279,46 @@ func TestOwnershipByFilesRelationship(t *testing.T) {
 				return []pkg.Package{parent, child}, nil
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			// a CPAN distribution owns whatever its .packlist recorded, which is how a distribution that
+			// installed a binary or a shared object is related to the package cataloged from it
+			name: "cpan-distribution-owns-packlist-paths",
+			setup: func(t testing.TB) ([]pkg.Package, []artifact.Relationship) {
+				parent := pkg.Package{
+					Locations: file.NewLocationSet(
+						file.NewLocation("/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/auto/Net/SSLeay/.packlist"),
+					),
+					Type: pkg.CpanPkg,
+					Metadata: pkg.CpanDistribution{
+						MainModule: "Net::SSLeay",
+						Files: []string{
+							"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/Net/SSLeay.pm",
+							"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/auto/Net/SSLeay/SSLeay.so",
+						},
+					},
+				}
+				parent.SetID()
+
+				child := pkg.Package{
+					Locations: file.NewLocationSet(
+						file.NewLocation("/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/auto/Net/SSLeay/SSLeay.so"),
+					),
+					Type: pkg.BinaryPkg,
+				}
+				child.SetID()
+
+				return []pkg.Package{parent, child}, []artifact.Relationship{
+					{
+						From: parent,
+						To:   child,
+						Type: artifact.OwnershipByFileOverlapRelationship,
+						Data: ownershipByFilesMetadata{
+							Files: []string{"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/auto/Net/SSLeay/SSLeay.so"},
+						},
+					},
+				}
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, test := range tests {

internal/task/package_tasks.go

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/lua"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/nix"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/ocaml"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/perl"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/php"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/python"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/r"
@@ -132,6 +133,10 @@ func DefaultPackageTaskFactories() Factories {
 		newSimplePackageTaskFactory(swift.NewSwiftPackageManagerCataloger, pkgcataloging.DeclaredTag, pkgcataloging.DirectoryTag, pkgcataloging.LanguageTag, "swift", "spm"),
 		newSimplePackageTaskFactory(swipl.NewSwiplPackCataloger, pkgcataloging.DeclaredTag, pkgcataloging.DirectoryTag, pkgcataloging.LanguageTag, "swipl", "pack"),
 		newSimplePackageTaskFactory(ocaml.NewOpamPackageManagerCataloger, pkgcataloging.DeclaredTag, pkgcataloging.DirectoryTag, pkgcataloging.LanguageTag, "ocaml", "opam"),
+		// note: no image tag -- an unpacked release's own META.json describes a distribution present on
+		// disk but not installed into the interpreter's @INC, and declared information is not cataloged
+		// inside container images
+		newSimplePackageTaskFactory(perl.NewCpanMetaCataloger, pkgcataloging.DeclaredTag, pkgcataloging.DirectoryTag, pkgcataloging.LanguageTag, "perl", "cpan"),
 
 		// language-specific package for both image and directory scans (but not necessarily declared) ////////////////////////////////////////
 		newPackageTaskFactory(
@@ -162,6 +167,7 @@ func DefaultPackageTaskFactories() Factories {
 			pkgcataloging.DirectoryTag, pkgcataloging.InstalledTag, pkgcataloging.ImageTag, pkgcataloging.LanguageTag, "nix",
 		),
 		newSimplePackageTaskFactory(lua.NewPackageCataloger, pkgcataloging.DirectoryTag, pkgcataloging.InstalledTag, pkgcataloging.ImageTag, pkgcataloging.LanguageTag, "lua"),
+		newSimplePackageTaskFactory(perl.NewCpanInstalledCataloger, pkgcataloging.InstalledTag, pkgcataloging.ImageTag, pkgcataloging.DirectoryTag, pkgcataloging.LanguageTag, "perl", "cpan"),
 
 		// other package catalogers ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 		newPackageTaskFactory(

schema/json/schema-latest.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
-  "$id": "anchore.io/schema/syft/json/16.1.10/document",
+  "$id": "anchore.io/schema/syft/json/16.1.11/document",
   "$ref": "#/$defs/Document",
   "$defs": {
     "AlpmDbEntry": {
@@ -729,6 +729,72 @@
       ],
       "description": "Coordinates contains the minimal information needed to describe how to find a file within any possible source object (e.g."
     },
+    "CpanDistribution": {
+      "properties": {
+        "dist": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "Dist is the distvname install.json recorded (e.g. URI-5.35), the raw value the package name and\nversion were recovered from"
+        },
+        "mainModule": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "MainModule is the module name recovered from the .packlist path (e.g. LWP for libwww-perl).\nEmpty when the name came from install.json, which is authoritative. Set, it means the name is the\ninstaller's NAME and may not be the distribution name."
+        },
+        "author": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "Author is the PAUSE ID of the distribution author (e.g. OALDERS), parsed out of Path"
+        },
+        "path": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "Path is the raw PAUSE path of the release archive (e.g. O/OA/OALDERS/URI-5.35.tar.gz)"
+        },
+        "modules": {
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/CpanModule"
+          },
+          "type": "array",
+          "description": "Modules are the modules this distribution provides, sorted by name"
+        },
+        "files": {
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string"
+          },
+          "type": "array",
+          "description": "Files are the paths the .packlist recorded as installed by this distribution, kept in the\npacklist's own order and unfiltered: a path the packlist claims and the filesystem lacks means the\nfile was removed or overwritten out from under the installer, which is signal rather than noise"
+        }
+      },
+      "type": "object",
+      "description": "CpanDistribution describes a CPAN distribution installed on disk, as recorded by a CPAN client's install.json and by the .packlist an installer wrote."
+    },
+    "CpanModule": {
+      "properties": {
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "Name is the module name as it would be used in a perl `use` statement (e.g. URI::Escape)"
+        },
+        "version": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "description": "Version is the module version, which may differ from the distribution version"
+        }
+      },
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "name"
+      ],
+      "description": "CpanModule is a single perl module provided by a CPAN distribution."
+    },
+    "CpanUnpackedRelease": {
+      "properties": {
+        "modules": {
+          "items": {
+            "$ref": "#/$defs/CpanModule"
+          },
+          "type": "array",
+          "description": "Modules are the modules the release declares it provides, sorted by name"
+        }
+      },
+      "type": "object",
+      "description": "CpanUnpackedRelease describes an unpacked CPAN release found on disk, read from the release's own META.json or META.yml."
+    },
     "DartPubspec": {
       "properties": {
         "homepage": {
@@ -2772,6 +2838,12 @@
             {
               "$ref": "#/$defs/CondaMetadataEntry"
             },
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/CpanDistribution"
+            },
+            {
+              "$ref": "#/$defs/CpanUnpackedRelease"
+            },
             {
               "$ref": "#/$defs/DartPubspec"
             },

syft/format/internal/spdxutil/helpers/originator_supplier_test.go

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ func Test_OriginatorSupplier(t *testing.T) {
 		pkg.ConanfileEntry{},
 		pkg.ConaninfoEntry{},
 		pkg.CondaMetaPackage{},
+		pkg.CpanDistribution{}, // the author is a PAUSE ID, not a person or organization name
+		pkg.CpanUnpackedRelease{},
 		pkg.DartPubspecLockEntry{},
 		pkg.DartPubspec{},
 		pkg.DotnetDepsEntry{},

syft/format/internal/spdxutil/helpers/source_info.go

@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ func SourceInfo(p pkg.Package) string {
 		answer = "acquired package info from nix store path"
 	case pkg.Rpkg:
 		answer = "acquired package info from R-package DESCRIPTION file"
+	case pkg.CpanPkg:
+		answer = "acquired package info from CPAN distribution metadata"
 	case pkg.LuaRocksPkg:
 		answer = "acquired package info from Rockspec package file"
 	case pkg.SwiftPkg:

syft/format/internal/spdxutil/helpers/source_info_test.go

@@ -287,6 +287,14 @@ func Test_SourceInfo(t *testing.T) {
 				"acquired package info from R-package DESCRIPTION file",
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			input: pkg.Package{
+				Type: pkg.CpanPkg,
+			},
+			expected: []string{
+				"acquired package info from CPAN distribution metadata",
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			input: pkg.Package{
 				Type: pkg.LuaRocksPkg,

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/capabilities.yaml

@@ -155,10 +155,10 @@ catalogers:
         packages:
           - class: perl-binary
             name: perl
-            purl: pkg:generic/perl
+            purl: pkg:cpan/perl
             cpes:
               - cpe:2.3:a:perl:perl:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
-            type: BinaryPkg
+            type: CpanPkg
       - method: glob
         criteria:
           - '**/composer*'

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/classifier_cataloger_test.go

@@ -460,8 +460,8 @@ func Test_Cataloger_PositiveCases(t *testing.T) {
 			expected: pkg.Package{
 				Name:      "perl",
 				Version:   "5.12.5",
-				Type:      "binary",
-				PURL:      "pkg:generic/perl@5.12.5",
+				Type:      "cpan",
+				PURL:      "pkg:cpan/perl@5.12.5",
 				Locations: locations("perl"),
 				Metadata:  metadata("perl-binary"),
 			},
@@ -473,8 +473,8 @@ func Test_Cataloger_PositiveCases(t *testing.T) {
 			expected: pkg.Package{
 				Name:      "perl",
 				Version:   "5.20.0",
-				Type:      "binary",
-				PURL:      "pkg:generic/perl@5.20.0",
+				Type:      "cpan",
+				PURL:      "pkg:cpan/perl@5.20.0",
 				Locations: locations("perl"),
 				Metadata:  metadata("perl-binary"),
 			},
@@ -486,8 +486,8 @@ func Test_Cataloger_PositiveCases(t *testing.T) {
 			expected: pkg.Package{
 				Name:      "perl",
 				Version:   "5.37.8",
-				Type:      "binary",
-				PURL:      "pkg:generic/perl@5.37.8",
+				Type:      "cpan",
+				PURL:      "pkg:cpan/perl@5.37.8",
 				Locations: locations("perl"),
 				Metadata:  metadata("perl-binary"),
 			},
@@ -3187,6 +3187,58 @@ func Test_Cataloger_DefaultClassifiers_PositiveCases_Image(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Test_Cataloger_PackageTypes covers what assertPackagesAreEqual deliberately ignores: the package type and CPEs.
+// The perl interpreter is reported as cpan so it lines up with the rest of the CPAN ecosystem, everything else
+// keeps the default binary type.
+func Test_Cataloger_PackageTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		logicalFixture string
+		wantType       pkg.Type
+		wantPURL       string
+		wantCPEs       []string
+	}{
+		{
+			logicalFixture: "perl/5.20.0/linux-amd64",
+			wantType:       pkg.CpanPkg,
+			wantPURL:       "pkg:cpan/perl@5.20.0",
+			wantCPEs:       []string{"cpe:2.3:a:perl:perl:5.20.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"},
+		},
+		{
+			logicalFixture: "haproxy/1.5.14/linux-amd64",
+			wantType:       pkg.BinaryPkg,
+			wantPURL:       "pkg:generic/haproxy@1.5.14",
+			wantCPEs:       []string{"cpe:2.3:a:haproxy:haproxy:1.5.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.logicalFixture, func(t *testing.T) {
+			c := NewClassifierCataloger(DefaultClassifierCatalogerConfig())
+
+			path := testutil.SnippetOrBinary(t, test.logicalFixture, *mustUseOriginalBinaries)
+
+			src, err := directorysource.NewFromPath(path)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			resolver, err := src.FileResolver(source.SquashedScope)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			packages, _, err := c.Catalog(context.Background(), resolver)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Len(t, packages, 1)
+
+			var cpes []string
+			for _, c := range packages[0].CPEs {
+				cpes = append(cpes, c.Attributes.BindToFmtString())
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, test.wantType, packages[0].Type)
+			assert.Equal(t, test.wantPURL, packages[0].PURL)
+			assert.Equal(t, test.wantCPEs, cpes)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestClassifierCataloger_DefaultClassifiers_NegativeCases(t *testing.T) {
 	c := NewClassifierCataloger(DefaultClassifierCatalogerConfig())
 

syft/pkg/cataloger/binary/classifiers.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/anchore/packageurl-go"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/cpe"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/binutils"
 )
 
@@ -251,8 +252,9 @@ func DefaultClassifiers() []binutils.Classifier {
 			EvidenceMatcher: m.FileContentsVersionMatcher(
 				`(?m)\/usr\/local\/lib\/perl\d\/(?P<version>[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)`),
 			Package: "perl",
-			PURL:    mustPURL("pkg:generic/perl@version"),
+			PURL:    mustPURL("pkg:cpan/perl@version"),
 			CPEs:    singleCPE("cpe:2.3:a:perl:perl:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*", cpe.NVDDictionaryLookupSource),
+			Type:    pkg.CpanPkg,
 		},
 		{
 			Class:    "php-composer-binary",

syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/binutils/classifier.go

@@ -50,6 +50,17 @@ type Classifier struct {
 
 	// CPEs are the specific CPEs we want to include for this binary with updated version information
 	CPEs []cpe.CPE `json:"cpes"`
+
+	// Type optionally overrides the package type reported for matches; when unset pkg.BinaryPkg is used
+	Type pkg.Type `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// PackageType is the package type reported for matches of this classifier, defaulting to pkg.BinaryPkg.
+func (cfg Classifier) PackageType() pkg.Type {
+	if cfg.Type == "" {
+		return pkg.BinaryPkg
+	}
+	return cfg.Type
 }
 
 func (cfg Classifier) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {

syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/binutils/classifier_package.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func NewClassifierPackage(classifier Classifier, location file.Location, matchMe
 		Locations: file.NewLocationSet(
 			location.WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation),
 		),
-		Type:    pkg.BinaryPkg,
+		Type:    classifier.PackageType(),
 		CPEs:    cpes,
 		FoundBy: catalogerName,
 		Metadata: pkg.BinarySignature{

syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/binutils/classifier_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/cpe"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/internal/unionreader"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/source"
 	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/source/directorysource"
 )
@@ -102,6 +103,35 @@ func Test_ClassifierCPEs(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func Test_ClassifierPackageType(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		classifier Classifier
+		want       pkg.Type
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "defaults to binary when unset",
+			classifier: Classifier{Class: "some-binary", Package: "some-app"},
+			want:       pkg.BinaryPkg,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "honors an explicit type",
+			classifier: Classifier{Class: "perl-binary", Package: "perl", Type: pkg.CpanPkg},
+			want:       pkg.CpanPkg,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, test.want, test.classifier.PackageType())
+
+			p := NewClassifierPackage(test.classifier, file.NewLocation("/usr/bin/app"), map[string]string{"version": "1.2.3"}, "cataloger-name")
+			require.NotNil(t, p)
+			assert.Equal(t, test.want, p.Type)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestClassifier_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 	tests := []struct {

syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/cpegenerate/filter.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ type filterFn func(cpe cpe.Attributes, p pkg.Package) bool
 
 var cpeFilters = []filterFn{
 	disallowJiraClientServerMismatch,
+	disallowTomcatServerCPEForEmbeddedEL,
 	disallowJenkinsServerCPEForPluginPackage,
 	disallowJenkinsCPEsNotAssociatedWithJenkins,
 	disallowNonParseableCPEs,
@@ -71,3 +72,18 @@ func disallowJiraClientServerMismatch(c cpe.Attributes, p pkg.Package) bool {
 	}
 	return false
 }
+
+// disallowTomcatServerCPEForEmbeddedEL prevents the server-level Tomcat CPE from being
+// assigned to the EL-only embedded artifact. Keep its artifact-specific CPE candidates.
+func disallowTomcatServerCPEForEmbeddedEL(c cpe.Attributes, p pkg.Package) bool {
+	if c.Vendor != "apache" || c.Product != "tomcat" {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	metadata, ok := p.Metadata.(pkg.JavaArchive)
+	if !ok || metadata.PomProperties == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return metadata.PomProperties.GroupID == "org.apache.tomcat.embed" && metadata.PomProperties.ArtifactID == "tomcat-embed-el"
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/cpegenerate/generate.go

@@ -218,11 +218,15 @@ func boundCandidates(candidates []string) []string {
 }
 
 func candidateTargetSw(p pkg.Package) []string {
-	switch p.Type {
-	case pkg.WordpressPluginPkg:
+	switch {
+	case p.Type == pkg.WordpressPluginPkg:
 		return []string{"wordpress"}
-	case pkg.RustPkg:
+	case p.Type == pkg.RustPkg:
 		return []string{"rust"}
+	case p.Language == pkg.Perl:
+		// NVD records CPAN distributions with perl in target_sw, e.g.
+		// cpe:2.3:a:mojolicious:mojolicious:*:*:*:*:*:perl:*:*
+		return []string{"perl"}
 	}
 
 	return []string{cpe.Any}

syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/cpegenerate/generate_test.go

@@ -795,6 +795,25 @@ func TestGeneratePackageCPEs(t *testing.T) {
 				"cpe:2.3:a:wow_estore:wp_coder:2.5.1:*:*:*:*:wordpress:*:*",
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			// NVD records CPAN distributions with perl in target_sw
+			name: "cpan distribution",
+			p: pkg.Package{
+				Name:     "Mojolicious",
+				Version:  "9.10",
+				Type:     pkg.CpanPkg,
+				Language: pkg.Perl,
+				Metadata: pkg.CpanDistribution{
+					Author: "SRI",
+					Path:   "S/SR/SRI/Mojolicious-9.10.tar.gz",
+				},
+			},
+			expected: []string{
+				// note: the distribution name keeps its casing here, as it does for every other ecosystem.
+				// NVD spells the same CPE lowercase (cpe:2.3:a:mojolicious:mojolicious:*:*:*:*:*:perl:*:*)
+				"cpe:2.3:a:Mojolicious:Mojolicious:9.10:*:*:*:*:perl:*:*",
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			name: "dotnet deps.json",
 			p: pkg.Package{
@@ -944,6 +963,39 @@ func TestGeneratePackageCPEs(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestTomcatEmbeddedCPEs(t *testing.T) {
+	packageFor := func(artifactID string) pkg.Package {
+		return pkg.Package{
+			Name:     artifactID,
+			Version:  "11.0.20",
+			Language: pkg.Java,
+			Type:     pkg.JavaPkg,
+			Metadata: pkg.JavaArchive{
+				PomProperties: &pkg.JavaPomProperties{
+					GroupID:    "org.apache.tomcat.embed",
+					ArtifactID: artifactID,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	hasCPE := func(cpes []cpe.CPE, vendor, product string) bool {
+		for _, generated := range cpes {
+			if generated.Attributes.Vendor == vendor && generated.Attributes.Product == product {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+
+	elCPEs := FromPackageAttributes(packageFor("tomcat-embed-el"))
+	assert.False(t, hasCPE(elCPEs, "apache", "tomcat"), "EL-only module should not inherit the server CPE")
+	assert.True(t, hasCPE(elCPEs, "apache", "tomcat-embed-el"), "keep the artifact-specific CPE candidate")
+
+	coreCPEs := FromPackageAttributes(packageFor("tomcat-embed-core"))
+	assert.True(t, hasCPE(coreCPEs, "apache", "tomcat"), "core module should retain the Tomcat server CPE")
+}
+
 func TestCandidateProducts(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/capabilities.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# Cataloger capabilities. See ../README.md for documentation.
+
+catalogers:
+  - ecosystem: perl # MANUAL
+    name: perl-cpan-meta-cataloger # AUTO-GENERATED
+    type: generic # AUTO-GENERATED
+    source: # AUTO-GENERATED
+      file: syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/cataloger.go
+      function: NewCpanMetaCataloger
+    selectors: # AUTO-GENERATED
+      - cpan
+      - declared
+      - directory
+      - language
+      - package
+      - perl
+    parsers: # AUTO-GENERATED structure
+      - function: parseReleaseMeta
+        detector: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          method: glob # AUTO-GENERATED
+          criteria: # AUTO-GENERATED
+            - '**/META.json'
+            - '**/META.yml'
+        metadata_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - pkg.CpanUnpackedRelease
+        package_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - cpan
+        purl_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - cpan
+        json_schema_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - CpanUnpackedRelease
+        capabilities: # MANUAL - preserved across regeneration
+          - name: license
+            default: true
+            comment: the x_spdx_expression or license field of an unpacked release's own META.json or META.yml
+          - name: dependency.depth
+            default: []
+            comment: release meta prereqs are not resolved; only installed evidence produces edges
+          - name: dependency.edges
+            default: ""
+          - name: dependency.kinds
+            default: []
+          - name: package_manager.files.listing
+            default: false
+          - name: package_manager.files.digests
+            default: false
+          - name: package_manager.package_integrity_hash
+            default: false
+  - ecosystem: perl # MANUAL
+    name: perl-cpan-installed-cataloger # AUTO-GENERATED
+    type: generic # AUTO-GENERATED
+    source: # AUTO-GENERATED
+      file: syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/cataloger.go
+      function: NewCpanInstalledCataloger
+    selectors: # AUTO-GENERATED
+      - cpan
+      - directory
+      - image
+      - installed
+      - language
+      - package
+      - perl
+    parsers: # AUTO-GENERATED structure
+      - function: parsePacklist
+        detector: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          method: glob # AUTO-GENERATED
+          criteria: # AUTO-GENERATED
+            - '**/auto/**/.packlist'
+        metadata_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - pkg.CpanDistribution
+        package_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - cpan
+        purl_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - cpan
+        json_schema_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - CpanDistribution
+        capabilities: # MANUAL - preserved across regeneration
+          - name: license
+            default: false
+            comment: a packlist carries no metadata beyond the file list
+          - name: dependency.depth
+            default: []
+          - name: dependency.edges
+            default: ""
+          - name: dependency.kinds
+            default: []
+          - name: package_manager.files.listing
+            default: true
+            comment: the packlist is a file list, and it is surfaced through OwnedFiles so ownership relationships are emitted
+          - name: package_manager.files.digests
+            default: false
+          - name: package_manager.package_integrity_hash
+            default: false
+      - function: parseInstallJSON
+        detector: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          method: glob # AUTO-GENERATED
+          criteria: # AUTO-GENERATED
+            - '**/.meta/*/install.json'
+        metadata_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - pkg.CpanDistribution
+        package_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - cpan
+        purl_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - cpan
+        json_schema_types: # AUTO-GENERATED
+          - CpanDistribution
+        capabilities: # MANUAL - preserved across regeneration
+          - name: license
+            default: true
+            comment: the x_spdx_expression or license field of the MYMETA.json written beside install.json
+          - name: dependency.depth
+            default:
+              - direct
+              - indirect
+            comment: prereqs are resolved across every cataloged distribution, so the graph is the full installed closure
+          - name: dependency.edges
+            default: complete
+          - name: dependency.kinds
+            default:
+              - runtime
+              - build
+            comment: develop and test prereqs describe how the distribution was authored, not what a deployed copy needs
+          - name: package_manager.files.listing
+            default: false
+          - name: package_manager.files.digests
+            default: false
+          - name: package_manager.package_integrity_hash
+            default: false

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/cataloger.go

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// Package perl provides Cataloger implementations relating to CPAN distributions within the Perl
+// language ecosystem.
+//
+// Only distribution-level identity is emitted. Three evidence sources are read: install.json under a
+// .meta directory, .packlist paired with perllocal.pod, and an unpacked release's own META.json or
+// META.yml alongside a MANIFEST.
+//
+// The coverage boundary that follows from that:
+//
+//   - CPAN-client installs are cataloged wherever they live, including local-lib trees such as an
+//     application's local/lib/perl5. cpanm, cpm, and carton write install.json only when the
+//     distribution was resolved from a mirror; a local directory or tarball install (cpanm .,
+//     cpanm ./Foo-1.0.tar.gz) writes none, and those fall back to the packlist pass. CPAN.pm never
+//     writes install.json at all.
+//   - A packlist is written by the ExtUtils::MakeMaker and Module::Build install targets unless
+//     suppressed with NO_PACKLIST, which is what distro packagers set.
+//   - A packlist-derived name is the installer's NAME, which is usually but not always the
+//     distribution name: libwww-perl installs to auto/LWP/.packlist. Resolving those to
+//     distributions is left to the vulnerability data, which carries the mapping.
+//   - Perl modules installed from distro packages are not cataloged here. They carry no CPAN-native
+//     metadata, since packagers suppress it, and they are already reported by the deb, rpm, and apk
+//     catalogers.
+//   - Core and dual-life distributions bundled with the interpreter are not cataloged. No on-disk
+//     artifact carries their versions. The interpreter itself is reported separately.
+//   - Build leftovers under ~/.cpanm/work and ~/.cpan/build are skipped. They are unpacked release
+//     tarballs, MANIFEST included, but they describe a copy that is already installed elsewhere in
+//     the same tree.
+//   - Vendored .pm trees, App::FatPacker output, and PAR archives are invisible. What they carry is
+//     module identity, and there is no offline map from a module to the distribution that shipped
+//     it. Fatpacked output does embed the .pm sources verbatim, $VERSION lines included, so the
+//     missing fact is the distribution rather than the version.
+//   - A cpanfile or cpanfile.snapshot is not parsed yet. The snapshot is a resolved lockfile and
+//     the only evidence in a source checkout or CI workspace, where local/ does not exist, so it
+//     is deferred rather than out of scope.
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/generic"
+)
+
+// NewCpanInstalledCataloger returns a cataloger for CPAN distributions installed on disk.
+// Globs are deliberately unanchored so local-lib trees (carton, cpanm -L) are found wherever they live.
+func NewCpanInstalledCataloger() pkg.Cataloger {
+	return generic.NewCataloger("perl-cpan-installed-cataloger").
+		WithParserByGlobs(parseInstallJSON, "**/.meta/*/install.json").
+		WithParserByGlobs(parsePacklist, "**/auto/**/.packlist").
+		// registration order is execution order, and resolvePacklistVersions has to precede
+		// mergeDistributions: merging pairs a packlist package to its install.json package only when the
+		// versions agree or the packlist version is absent, so filling versions in afterwards splits every
+		// distribution whose two evidence kinds disagree into two packages
+		WithResolvingProcessors(resolvePacklistVersions).
+		WithProcessors(mergeDistributions).
+		WithResolvingProcessors(resolveDependencies)
+}
+
+// NewCpanMetaCataloger returns a cataloger for unpacked CPAN releases: release tarballs and vendored
+// distribution trees. CPAN client build leftovers are excluded, see isBuildLeftover.
+func NewCpanMetaCataloger() pkg.Cataloger {
+	return generic.NewCataloger("perl-cpan-meta-cataloger").
+		WithParserByGlobs(parseReleaseMeta, "**/META.json", "**/META.yml")
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/cataloger_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/stereoscope/pkg/imagetest"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/packagemetadata"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/artifact"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/pkgtest"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/source"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/source/stereoscopesource"
+)
+
+// every fixture here is an image built by a Dockerfile under testdata/, one per evidence tier. The
+// installs are performed by the real clients inside the image, so the on-disk layout, the file
+// contents and the versions are whatever the toolchain actually produced.
+//
+// an image is only how the fixture is delivered. perl-cpan-meta-cataloger is registered declared and
+// directory, never image, so through the CLI it never runs against a container image at all; the tests
+// below that drive it through an image resolver are parser tests, and the file tree they read is what
+// they are actually asserting on.
+
+// TestCpanInstalledCataloger_mirrorInstalls covers the only case that produces an install.json:
+// cpanm, cpm and carton resolving distributions from a mirror. The image installs libwww-perl and its
+// whole dependency closure with cpanm, one distribution with NO_PACKLIST, one with carton into an
+// application's local/, and one with cpm into an unrelated prefix.
+func TestCpanInstalledCataloger_mirrorInstalls(t *testing.T) {
+	pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
+		WithImageResolver(t, "image-cpan-mirror-installs").
+		ExpectsPackageStrings([]string{
+			// preinstalled in the base image by its own EUMM installs: a packlist and a perllocal.pod
+			// stanza, no .meta, which is why these three have no author qualifier on their purl
+			"App-cpanminus @ 1.7049 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/App/cpanminus/.packlist)",
+			"IO-Socket-SSL @ 2.099 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/IO/Socket/SSL/.packlist)",
+			"Net-SSLeay @ 1.96 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/Net/SSLeay/.packlist)",
+
+			// cpm, into a prefix that is not under /usr, which is the whole reason the globs are unanchored
+			"Capture-Tiny @ 0.48 (/srv/api/local/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Capture-Tiny-0.48/install.json)",
+
+			// carton, into local/lib/perl5 beside the cpanfile
+			"Text-CSV @ 2.06 (/app/local/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Text-CSV-2.06/install.json)",
+
+			// installed with NO_PACKLIST and NO_PERLLOCAL, the way distro packagers do it, so
+			// install.json is the only evidence there is
+			"JSON-PP @ 4.16 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/JSON-PP-4.16/install.json)",
+
+			// libwww-perl is reported under its distribution name even though install.json's `name` field
+			// says LWP and its packlist is auto/LWP/.packlist. There is deliberately no LWP package here:
+			// reporting one is the bug this image exists to catch.
+			"libwww-perl @ 6.83 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/libwww-perl-6.83/install.json)",
+
+			// the rest of the closure cpanm pulled in for libwww-perl
+			"Clone @ 0.50 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Clone-0.50/install.json)",
+			"Encode-Locale @ 1.05 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Encode-Locale-1.05/install.json)",
+			"File-Listing @ 6.16 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/File-Listing-6.16/install.json)",
+			"HTML-Parser @ 3.85 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/HTML-Parser-3.85/install.json)",
+			"HTML-Tagset @ 3.24 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/HTML-Tagset-3.24/install.json)",
+			"HTTP-Cookies @ 6.12 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/HTTP-Cookies-6.12/install.json)",
+			"HTTP-Date @ 6.08 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/HTTP-Date-6.08/install.json)",
+			"HTTP-Message @ 7.04 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/HTTP-Message-7.04/install.json)",
+			"HTTP-Negotiate @ 6.01 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/HTTP-Negotiate-6.01/install.json)",
+			"IO-HTML @ 1.004 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/IO-HTML-1.004/install.json)",
+			"LWP-MediaTypes @ 6.04 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/LWP-MediaTypes-6.04/install.json)",
+			"MIME-Base32 @ 1.303 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/MIME-Base32-1.303/install.json)",
+			"Net-HTTP @ 6.24 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Net-HTTP-6.24/install.json)",
+			"TimeDate @ 2.35 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/TimeDate-2.35/install.json)",
+			"Try-Tiny @ 0.32 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Try-Tiny-0.32/install.json)",
+			"URI @ 5.35 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/URI-5.35/install.json)",
+			"WWW-RobotRules @ 6.03 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/WWW-RobotRules-6.03/install.json)",
+
+			// note: no package for the core perl packlist, which has no auto/ segment, and none for the
+			// distributions perllocal.pod names but that have no packlist of their own
+		}).
+		TestCataloger(t, NewCpanInstalledCataloger())
+}
+
+// TestCpanInstalledCataloger_prereqRelationships pins the dependency graph read out of the
+// MYMETA.json files cpanm left beside each install.json. Prereqs name modules, so each one has to be
+// resolved through the provides map of the cataloged set; a prereq that resolves to nothing (a core
+// module such as Carp or strict, or a distribution that is simply not installed) is dropped.
+//
+// Packages are stringed without their locations here, because the full form makes each relationship
+// unreadable.
+func TestCpanInstalledCataloger_prereqRelationships(t *testing.T) {
+	pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
+		WithImageResolver(t, "image-cpan-mirror-installs").
+		WithPackageStringer(func(p pkg.Package) string { return p.Name + " @ " + p.Version }).
+		ExpectsRelationshipStrings([]string{
+			"Clone @ 0.50 [dependency-of] HTTP-Message @ 7.04",
+			"Encode-Locale @ 1.05 [dependency-of] HTTP-Message @ 7.04",
+			"Encode-Locale @ 1.05 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+			"File-Listing @ 6.16 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+			"HTML-Parser @ 3.85 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+			"HTML-Tagset @ 3.24 [dependency-of] HTML-Parser @ 3.85",
+			"HTTP-Cookies @ 6.12 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+			"HTTP-Date @ 6.08 [dependency-of] File-Listing @ 6.16",
+			"HTTP-Date @ 6.08 [dependency-of] HTTP-Cookies @ 6.12",
+			"HTTP-Date @ 6.08 [dependency-of] HTTP-Message @ 7.04",
+			"HTTP-Date @ 6.08 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+			"HTTP-Message @ 7.04 [dependency-of] HTML-Parser @ 3.85",
+			"HTTP-Message @ 7.04 [dependency-of] HTTP-Cookies @ 6.12",
+			"HTTP-Message @ 7.04 [dependency-of] HTTP-Negotiate @ 6.01",
+			"HTTP-Message @ 7.04 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+			"HTTP-Negotiate @ 6.01 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+			"IO-HTML @ 1.004 [dependency-of] HTTP-Message @ 7.04",
+			"LWP-MediaTypes @ 6.04 [dependency-of] HTTP-Message @ 7.04",
+			"LWP-MediaTypes @ 6.04 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+			// URI 5.35 needs MIME::Base32 to build, which is why cpanm installed it at all
+			"MIME-Base32 @ 1.303 [dependency-of] URI @ 5.35",
+			"Net-HTTP @ 6.24 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+			// the module TimeDate provides is Date::Format, so this only resolves through the provides map
+			"TimeDate @ 2.35 [dependency-of] HTTP-Date @ 6.08",
+			"Try-Tiny @ 0.32 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+			"URI @ 5.35 [dependency-of] HTML-Parser @ 3.85",
+			"URI @ 5.35 [dependency-of] HTTP-Message @ 7.04",
+			"URI @ 5.35 [dependency-of] Net-HTTP @ 6.24",
+			"URI @ 5.35 [dependency-of] WWW-RobotRules @ 6.03",
+			"URI @ 5.35 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+			"WWW-RobotRules @ 6.03 [dependency-of] libwww-perl @ 6.83",
+		}).
+		TestCataloger(t, NewCpanInstalledCataloger())
+}
+
+func TestCpanInstalledCataloger_mirrorInstallEvidence(t *testing.T) {
+	pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
+		WithImageResolver(t, "image-cpan-mirror-installs").
+		ExpectsAssertion(func(t *testing.T, pkgs []pkg.Package, _ []artifact.Relationship) {
+			byName := make(map[string]pkg.Package)
+			for _, p := range pkgs {
+				byName[p.Name] = p
+			}
+
+			uri := byName["URI"]
+			require.NotEmpty(t, uri.Name)
+			assert.Equal(t, "pkg:cpan/URI@5.35?author=OALDERS", uri.PURL)
+			assert.Equal(t, pkg.Perl, uri.Language)
+			assert.Equal(t, pkg.CpanPkg, uri.Type)
+
+			// licenses come from the MYMETA.json beside install.json, and are not duplicated into
+			// metadata. URI's own x_spdx_expression is what reaches the package, not the perl_5 token
+			// beside it: the expression is already SPDX, where perl_5 is a CPAN::Meta shortname that
+			// would have to be translated.
+			require.Len(t, uri.Licenses.ToSlice(), 1)
+			assert.Equal(t, "Artistic-1.0-Perl OR GPL-1.0-or-later", uri.Licenses.ToSlice()[0].Value)
+
+			// install.json, its sibling MYMETA.json, the packlist and the perllocal.pod that resolved
+			// the packlist's version are all evidence. The main .pm is not: perllocal.pod answered
+			// first, so it was never scraped.
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/URI-5.35/install.json",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/URI-5.35/MYMETA.json",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/URI/.packlist",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod",
+			}, realPaths(uri))
+
+			// a distribution with no x_spdx_expression falls back to the CPAN::Meta license token
+			require.Len(t, byName["Capture-Tiny"].Licenses.ToSlice(), 1)
+			assert.Equal(t, "apache_2_0", byName["Capture-Tiny"].Licenses.ToSlice()[0].Value)
+
+			// a packlist-derived package carries no author, so the purl gets no qualifier
+			assert.Equal(t, "pkg:cpan/IO-Socket-SSL@2.099", byName["IO-Socket-SSL"].PURL)
+
+			// libwww-perl's packlist is auto/LWP/.packlist, so it shares no (name, version) key with
+			// the distribution and is paired through the provides module map instead
+			assert.NotContains(t, byName, "LWP", "the module-named packlist must not become its own package")
+
+			lwp := byName["libwww-perl"]
+			require.NotEmpty(t, lwp.Name)
+			assert.Equal(t, "pkg:cpan/libwww-perl@6.83?author=OALDERS", lwp.PURL)
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/libwww-perl-6.83/install.json",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/libwww-perl-6.83/MYMETA.json",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/LWP/.packlist",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod",
+			}, realPaths(lwp))
+
+			// carton's packlist points at the application-local copy, not the site_perl one
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{
+				"/app/local/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Text-CSV-2.06/install.json",
+				"/app/local/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Text-CSV-2.06/MYMETA.json",
+				"/app/local/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/Text/CSV/.packlist",
+				"/app/local/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod",
+			}, realPaths(byName["Text-CSV"]))
+
+			// name provenance: Dist records the distvname install.json was read from, MainModule
+			// records that the name was inferred from an auto/ path instead. Never both, and a merged
+			// package keeps install.json's.
+			metadata := func(name string) pkg.CpanDistribution {
+				md, ok := byName[name].Metadata.(pkg.CpanDistribution)
+				require.True(t, ok, name)
+				return md
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, "libwww-perl-6.83", metadata("libwww-perl").Dist)
+			assert.Empty(t, metadata("libwww-perl").MainModule)
+			assert.Equal(t, "IO::Socket::SSL", metadata("IO-Socket-SSL").MainModule)
+			assert.Empty(t, metadata("IO-Socket-SSL").Dist)
+
+			// the paths are reported as the packlist recorded them, not filtered to the ones still on
+			// disk. IO/Socket/SSL/Utils.pm is deleted in the image on purpose: a path the packlist
+			// claims and the filesystem lacks means the file was removed or overwritten, which is
+			// exactly what an SBOM consumer wants to see.
+			assert.Equal(t, []string{
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/IO/Socket/SSL.pm",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/IO/Socket/SSL.pod",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/IO/Socket/SSL/Intercept.pm",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/IO/Socket/SSL/PublicSuffix.pm",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/IO/Socket/SSL/Utils.pm",
+			}, metadata("IO-Socket-SSL").OwnedFiles())
+
+			// the merge has to carry the packlist's file list onto the install.json package that won,
+			// or a merged distribution would own nothing
+			assert.Contains(t, metadata("libwww-perl").OwnedFiles(), "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/LWP.pm")
+			assert.Contains(t, metadata("libwww-perl").OwnedFiles(), "/usr/local/bin/lwp-request")
+
+			// NO_PACKLIST leaves an install.json and nothing else, so there is no file list at all
+			assert.Empty(t, metadata("JSON-PP").OwnedFiles())
+		}).
+		TestCataloger(t, NewCpanInstalledCataloger())
+}
+
+// TestCpanInstalledCataloger_packlistOnly covers the installs that write no install.json, which is
+// the majority of real images and where the version has to come from perllocal.pod or the installed
+// .pm. The image runs ExtUtils::MakeMaker directly, cpanm against local tarballs, and CPAN.pm; the
+// Dockerfile asserts that none of them left a .meta directory behind.
+func TestCpanInstalledCataloger_packlistOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
+		WithImageResolver(t, "image-cpan-packlist-only").
+		ExpectsPackageStrings([]string{
+			"App-cpanminus @ 1.7049 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/App/cpanminus/.packlist)",
+			// Encode's $VERSION is declared bare and computed with sprintf from an RCS Revision keyword
+			// inside a BEGIN block, so nothing static can read it. This version exists only because
+			// perllocal.pod records what EUMM evaluated at build time.
+			"Encode @ 3.24 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/Encode/.packlist)",
+			"IO-Socket-SSL @ 2.099 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/IO/Socket/SSL/.packlist)",
+			// installed with NO_PERLLOCAL, so this one had to be scraped out of JSON/PP.pm
+			"JSON-PP @ 4.16 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/JSON/PP/.packlist)",
+			// libwww-perl's EUMM NAME is LWP, so an installed tree only ever yields "LWP". Resolving
+			// that back to the distribution is left to the vulnerability data, which carries the map.
+			"LWP @ 5.836 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/LWP/.packlist)",
+			"Net-SSLeay @ 1.96 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/Net/SSLeay/.packlist)",
+			// installed at 2.02 and then upgraded to 2.06. perllocal.pod is append-only, so both
+			// stanzas are still there and the later one has to win.
+			"Text-CSV @ 2.06 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/Text/CSV/.packlist)",
+		}).
+		ExpectsAssertion(func(t *testing.T, pkgs []pkg.Package, _ []artifact.Relationship) {
+			byName := make(map[string]pkg.Package)
+			for _, p := range pkgs {
+				byName[p.Name] = p
+			}
+
+			// the perllocal.pod that supplied the version is recorded as supporting evidence, and no
+			// .pm was read at all
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/Encode/.packlist",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod",
+			}, realPaths(byName["Encode"]))
+
+			// NO_PERLLOCAL wrote no stanza, so the .pm named by the packlist is the evidence instead
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/JSON/PP/.packlist",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/JSON/PP.pm",
+			}, realPaths(byName["JSON-PP"]))
+
+			// no install.json anywhere, so no distribution has an author and no purl has a qualifier
+			for _, p := range pkgs {
+				assert.NotContains(t, p.PURL, "author=", p.Name)
+				assert.Empty(t, p.Licenses.ToSlice(), p.Name)
+			}
+		}).
+		TestCataloger(t, NewCpanInstalledCataloger())
+}
+
+// TestCpanInstalledCataloger_twoInstallTrees covers an image carrying two perl lib trees, each with
+// its own perllocal.pod naming the same module at a different version. Picking the stanza from the
+// wrong tree would be silent, so both are pinned.
+//
+// The same image installs Text-CSV 2.06 from a mirror into both trees, so both hold an install.json
+// agreeing on name and version. Those are two installed things and stay two packages: the tree is
+// part of what pairs evidence, not the name and version alone.
+func TestCpanInstalledCataloger_twoInstallTrees(t *testing.T) {
+	pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
+		WithImageResolver(t, "image-cpan-two-install-trees").
+		ExpectsPackageStrings([]string{
+			"App-cpanminus @ 1.7049 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/App/cpanminus/.packlist)",
+			"IO-Socket-SSL @ 2.099 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/IO/Socket/SSL/.packlist)",
+			"JSON-PP @ 2.27300 (/opt/app/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/JSON/PP/.packlist)",
+			"JSON-PP @ 4.16 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/JSON/PP/.packlist)",
+			"Net-SSLeay @ 1.96 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/Net/SSLeay/.packlist)",
+			"Text-CSV @ 2.06 (/opt/app/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Text-CSV-2.06/install.json)",
+			"Text-CSV @ 2.06 (/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Text-CSV-2.06/install.json)",
+		}).
+		ExpectsAssertion(func(t *testing.T, pkgs []pkg.Package, _ []artifact.Relationship) {
+			byVersion := make(map[string]pkg.Package)
+			var textCSV []pkg.Package
+			for _, p := range pkgs {
+				switch p.Name {
+				case "JSON-PP":
+					byVersion[p.Version] = p
+				case "Text-CSV":
+					textCSV = append(textCSV, p)
+				}
+			}
+			require.Len(t, byVersion, 2)
+
+			// each tree's Text-CSV carries only its own tree's evidence, and within a tree the
+			// install.json and the packlist still merged into the one package
+			require.Len(t, textCSV, 2)
+			byTree := make(map[string][]string)
+			for _, p := range textCSV {
+				byTree[installTree(p)] = realPaths(p)
+			}
+			require.Len(t, byTree, 2)
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{
+				"/opt/app/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Text-CSV-2.06/install.json",
+				"/opt/app/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Text-CSV-2.06/MYMETA.json",
+				"/opt/app/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/Text/CSV/.packlist",
+				"/opt/app/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod",
+			}, byTree["/opt/app/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu"])
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Text-CSV-2.06/install.json",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Text-CSV-2.06/MYMETA.json",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/Text/CSV/.packlist",
+				"/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod",
+			}, byTree["/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu"])
+
+			// each tree's version came from that tree's own perllocal.pod. Both installs are of the
+			// same module, so without the libdir rule one of these would carry the other's version.
+			assert.Contains(t, realPaths(byVersion["2.27300"]), "/opt/app/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod")
+			assert.Contains(t, realPaths(byVersion["4.16"]), "/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod")
+
+			// ExtUtils::Packlist merges an existing packlist for the same module when writing a new
+			// one, so the local-lib install's packlist genuinely claims the site_perl copy too. The
+			// file list is reported as written rather than filtered to the prefix.
+			owned := byVersion["2.27300"].Metadata.(pkg.CpanDistribution).OwnedFiles()
+			assert.Contains(t, owned, "/opt/app/lib/perl5/JSON/PP.pm")
+			assert.Contains(t, owned, "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/JSON/PP.pm")
+		}).
+		TestCataloger(t, NewCpanInstalledCataloger())
+}
+
+// TestCpanMetaCataloger_unpackedReleases covers release tarballs unpacked but never installed, plus a
+// source repository working tree.
+func TestCpanMetaCataloger_unpackedReleases(t *testing.T) {
+	pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
+		WithImageResolver(t, "image-cpan-unpacked-releases").
+		ExpectsPackageStrings([]string{
+			// CPAN Meta Spec 1.4, which is all that roughly 43% of current releases ship. Genuine EUMM
+			// 6.56 output: license is a bare string rather than an array and version is an unquoted
+			// number, both of which the lenient field types absorb.
+			"Text-CSV @ 1.21 (/opt/releases/Text-CSV-1.21/META.yml)",
+			// a Dist::Zilla release, which ships dist.ini inside the tarball and lists it in its own
+			// MANIFEST, so a dist.ini beside a META.json says nothing about whether this is a release.
+			// It ships both meta files and META.json is reported, once.
+			"Try-Tiny @ 0.32 (/opt/releases/Try-Tiny-0.32/META.json)",
+
+			// nothing from /opt/releases/Parallel-Depend-4.10: its META.yml is real EUMM output that no
+			// strict YAML parser accepts, because the distribution's multi-line ABSTRACT was written
+			// straight into `abstract:` with no quoting and no block scalar. That has to skip the
+			// directory, not fail the scan.
+
+			// nothing from /src/libwww-perl either: a committed META.json records the last release and
+			// drifts from the working tree (6.83 there against 6.84 in lib/LWP.pm on the same commit).
+			// The absence of a MANIFEST is what rejects it, since dzil generates one at build time.
+		}).
+		ExpectsAssertion(func(t *testing.T, pkgs []pkg.Package, _ []artifact.Relationship) {
+			byName := make(map[string]pkg.Package)
+			for _, p := range pkgs {
+				byName[p.Name] = p
+			}
+
+			// Try-Tiny's META.json carries an x_spdx_expression, which is preferred over the
+			// license token beside it
+			require.Len(t, byName["Try-Tiny"].Licenses.ToSlice(), 1)
+			assert.Equal(t, "MIT", byName["Try-Tiny"].Licenses.ToSlice()[0].Value)
+
+			// spec 1.4 has no x_spdx_expression, so the bare license string is what is left
+			require.Len(t, byName["Text-CSV"].Licenses.ToSlice(), 1)
+			assert.Equal(t, "perl", byName["Text-CSV"].Licenses.ToSlice()[0].Value)
+		}).
+		TestCataloger(t, NewCpanMetaCataloger())
+}
+
+// TestCpanCatalogers_buildLeftoversAndVendoredRelease covers the ordinary state of any tree that
+// installed distributions and did not clean up after itself: cpanm leaves ~/.cpanm/work and CPAN.pm
+// leaves ~/.cpan/build, neither by choice of the user.
+//
+// Both leftovers genuinely are unpacked release tarballs, MANIFEST included, so the sibling-MANIFEST
+// gate is working correctly and still admits them. They have to be excluded on the path instead, or
+// every distribution in such a tree is reported twice: once from its installed evidence and once from
+// the copy the client unpacked to build it. Both catalogers are registered for directory scans, so
+// that is where the duplication would be user-visible.
+//
+// The same fixture carries a release deliberately unpacked under /opt/vendor, which is the other half
+// of the path rule and is reported. It is the same distribution and version as the installed copy,
+// and it produces a second package rather than merging, for the reason
+// TestCpanCatalogers_vendoredReleaseCannotMerge documents.
+func TestCpanCatalogers_buildLeftoversAndVendoredRelease(t *testing.T) {
+	found := catalogBoth(t, "image-cpan-build-leftovers")
+
+	var names []string
+	for _, p := range found {
+		names = append(names, p.Name+" @ "+p.Version+" ("+p.FoundBy+")")
+	}
+
+	// ElementsMatch rather than Equal: the two HTML-Tagset packages agree on name and version, so
+	// pkg.Collection.Sorted breaks the tie on package ID, which is a structural hash and not something
+	// worth pinning
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{
+		"App-cpanminus @ 1.7049 (perl-cpan-installed-cataloger)",
+		"HTML-Tagset @ 3.24 (perl-cpan-installed-cataloger)",
+		"HTML-Tagset @ 3.24 (perl-cpan-meta-cataloger)",
+		"IO-Socket-SSL @ 2.099 (perl-cpan-installed-cataloger)",
+		"MIME-Base32 @ 1.303 (perl-cpan-installed-cataloger)",
+		"Net-SSLeay @ 1.96 (perl-cpan-installed-cataloger)",
+		"URI @ 5.35 (perl-cpan-installed-cataloger)",
+	}, names, "each installed distribution is reported once, nothing comes from the leftover trees, and the vendored copy is reported separately")
+}
+
+// TestCpanCatalogers_vendoredReleaseCannotMerge asserts what happens when a release deliberately
+// unpacked outside any build directory sits beside the installed copy of the same distribution and
+// version.
+//
+// The intuitive expectation is one package carrying both locations as evidence. That cannot hold, and
+// this test pins the real behavior at two packages rather than asserting the intuition and failing.
+//
+// Why: the two packages come from two different catalogers, so nothing inside either cataloger can
+// pair them. mergeDistributions only ever sees one cataloger's output. The only cross-cataloger merge
+// syft has is pkg.Collection.add, at syft/pkg/collection.go:119, which merges on artifact.ID equality
+// alone. artifact.ID is a structural hash of the whole Package (syft/pkg/package.go:58, via
+// artifact.IDByHash), and Locations is a hashed field: the `hash:"ignore"` tags at
+// syft/pkg/package.go:30-51 exempt FoundBy, Language, CPEs, and PURL, but not Locations, Licenses, or
+// Metadata. Two packages whose locations differ therefore cannot have the same ID, and two packages
+// found at the same location are the same evidence and not this case at all. So "same identity,
+// merged locations" is unreachable by construction, for any pair of catalogers, not just these two.
+func TestCpanCatalogers_vendoredReleaseCannotMerge(t *testing.T) {
+	var installed, unpacked pkg.Package
+	for _, p := range catalogBoth(t, "image-cpan-build-leftovers") {
+		if p.Name != "HTML-Tagset" {
+			continue
+		}
+		// the two agree on name and version, so the duplication is visible and consistent
+		assert.Equal(t, "3.24", p.Version)
+		assert.Equal(t, "pkg:cpan/HTML-Tagset@3.24", p.PURL)
+
+		switch p.FoundBy {
+		case "perl-cpan-installed-cataloger":
+			installed = p
+		case "perl-cpan-meta-cataloger":
+			unpacked = p
+		}
+	}
+	require.NotEmpty(t, installed.Name)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, unpacked.Name)
+
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{
+		"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/HTML/Tagset/.packlist",
+		"/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod",
+	}, realPaths(installed))
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{
+		"/opt/vendor/HTML-Tagset-3.24/META.json",
+	}, realPaths(unpacked))
+
+	// Locations, Licenses and Metadata are the whole of the difference here, and every other differing
+	// field (FoundBy, PURL, CPEs) is `hash:"ignore"`. Overwriting just those three hashed fields makes
+	// the IDs equal, which is the direct demonstration of what keeps the two packages apart.
+	require.NotEqual(t, installed.ID(), unpacked.ID())
+	assert.Empty(t, installed.Licenses.ToSlice(), "a packlist carries no license")
+	assert.Equal(t, "artistic_2", unpacked.Licenses.ToSlice()[0].Value, "META.json does, so Licenses differs too")
+
+	relocated := unpacked
+	relocated.Locations = installed.Locations
+	relocated.Licenses = installed.Licenses
+	relocated.Metadata = installed.Metadata
+	relocated.SetID()
+	assert.Equal(t, installed.ID(), relocated.ID(), "with the hashed fields equalized the IDs match, and only then")
+}
+
+// TestCpanCatalogers_coreDistributionsNotCataloged pins the zero coverage of distributions bundled
+// inside the interpreter, which the package doc comment states as a gap.
+//
+// The image is a perl with no CPAN installs at all: Encode and Storable sit in the core lib tree, the
+// only packlist is perl's own and has no auto/ segment, and there is no .meta and no distro package.
+// Nothing on disk carries a core distribution's version.
+//
+// Storable.pm does declare a readable $VERSION, so the interesting half is that no package is
+// invented from it, and neither is one invented from the perllocal.pod stanzas that name the
+// distributions the base image preinstalled into a site_perl this image does not have. The
+// interpreter's version is never used as a stopgap either: a distribution name carrying a wrong or
+// absent version matches either everything or nothing in an advisory range, which is worse than the
+// gap. Closing this needs a generated Module::CoreList table keyed by perl version.
+func TestCpanCatalogers_coreDistributionsNotCataloged(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Empty(t, catalogBoth(t, "image-perl-core-only"))
+}
+
+// TestCpanCatalogers_metadataTypes pins the metadata type each cataloger emits along with the JSON
+// name it serializes as. Both are user-visible API: a consumer decides whether a finding is installed
+// and loadable or merely unpacked on disk from the type name, and must not have to string match
+// FoundBy.
+func TestCpanCatalogers_metadataTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	installed := catalogImage(t, "image-cpan-mirror-installs", NewCpanInstalledCataloger())
+	unpacked := catalogImage(t, "image-cpan-unpacked-releases", NewCpanMetaCataloger())
+
+	require.NotEmpty(t, installed)
+	for _, p := range installed {
+		assert.IsType(t, pkg.CpanDistribution{}, p.Metadata, p.Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, "cpan-distribution", packagemetadata.JSONName(p.Metadata), p.Name)
+	}
+
+	require.NotEmpty(t, unpacked)
+	for _, p := range unpacked {
+		assert.IsType(t, pkg.CpanUnpackedRelease{}, p.Metadata, p.Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, "cpan-unpacked-release", packagemetadata.JSONName(p.Metadata), p.Name)
+	}
+}
+
+// imageResolver resolves an image fixture the way pkgtest's WithImageResolver does, for the tests
+// that need the resolver itself rather than the CatalogTester around it.
+func imageResolver(t *testing.T, fixture string) file.Resolver {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	img := imagetest.GetFixtureImage(t, "docker-archive", fixture)
+	resolver, err := stereoscopesource.New(img, stereoscopesource.ImageConfig{Reference: fixture}).
+		FileResolver(source.SquashedScope)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return resolver
+}
+
+func catalogImage(t *testing.T, fixture string, cataloger pkg.Cataloger) []pkg.Package {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	pkgs, _, err := cataloger.Catalog(pkgtest.Context(t), imageResolver(t, fixture))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return pkgs
+}
+
+// catalogBoth runs both catalogers over one image and aggregates into a pkg.Collection, which is what
+// the real cataloging pipeline does, so any cross-cataloger merge that production performs happens
+// here too.
+func catalogBoth(t *testing.T, fixture string) []pkg.Package {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	resolver := imageResolver(t, fixture)
+
+	collection := pkg.NewCollection()
+	for _, cataloger := range []pkg.Cataloger{NewCpanInstalledCataloger(), NewCpanMetaCataloger()} {
+		pkgs, _, err := cataloger.Catalog(pkgtest.Context(t), resolver)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		collection.Add(pkgs...)
+	}
+
+	return collection.Sorted()
+}
+
+func realPaths(p pkg.Package) []string {
+	var paths []string
+	for _, l := range p.Locations.ToSlice() {
+		paths = append(paths, l.RealPath)
+	}
+	return paths
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/meta.go

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"path"
+
+	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/log"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+)
+
+// cpanMeta models the parts of a CPAN Meta Spec document syft uses. One shape covers all three:
+// META.json (spec 2), MYMETA.json (the configure-time rendering of META.json), and META.yml (spec 1.4).
+type cpanMeta struct {
+	Name     string                   `json:"name" yaml:"name"`
+	Version  scalar                   `json:"version" yaml:"version"`
+	Abstract string                   `json:"abstract" yaml:"abstract"`
+	License  stringList               `json:"license" yaml:"license"`
+	Provides map[string]providesEntry `json:"provides" yaml:"provides"`
+
+	// SPDX is preferred over License when present: a single SPDX expression the author wrote, rather than
+	// a CPAN::Meta license token that has to be translated
+	SPDX string `json:"x_spdx_expression" yaml:"x_spdx_expression"`
+
+	// Prereqs is the spec 2 shape: phase -> relation -> module -> version
+	Prereqs map[string]map[string]map[string]scalar `json:"prereqs" yaml:"prereqs"`
+
+	// Requires and BuildRequires are the spec 1.4 shape, which has no phase nesting. develop and test
+	// have no 1.4 equivalent, which costs nothing because they are excluded anyway.
+	Requires      map[string]scalar `json:"requires" yaml:"requires"`
+	BuildRequires map[string]scalar `json:"build_requires" yaml:"build_requires"`
+}
+
+type providesEntry struct {
+	Version scalar `json:"version" yaml:"version"`
+}
+
+// scalar is a value that CPAN metadata writes as either a quoted string or a bare number. Old
+// distributions ship `"version": 1.23` where the spec calls for a string, and a strict string field
+// there would fail the whole document rather than one field.
+type scalar string
+
+func (s *scalar) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
+	raw := string(b)
+	if raw == "null" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if len(raw) >= 2 && raw[0] == '"' {
+		var str string
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &str); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		*s = scalar(str)
+		return nil
+	}
+	*s = scalar(raw)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalYAML exists for the same reason UnmarshalJSON does, and separately from it: the YAML decoder
+// does not honor json.Unmarshaler, so without this a `version: 1.23` in a META.yml would fail the whole
+// document. A YAML scalar node's value is already the text as written, so there is nothing to convert.
+func (s *scalar) UnmarshalYAML(value *yaml.Node) error {
+	if value.Tag == "!!null" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	*s = scalar(value.Value)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// stringList is a value that is a list of strings in CPAN Meta Spec 2 but a bare string in spec 1.4.
+type stringList []string
+
+func (s *stringList) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
+	var many []string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &many); err == nil {
+		*s = many
+		return nil
+	}
+	var one string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &one); err == nil {
+		*s = stringList{one}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *stringList) UnmarshalYAML(value *yaml.Node) error {
+	var many []string
+	if err := value.Decode(&many); err == nil {
+		*s = many
+		return nil
+	}
+	var one string
+	if err := value.Decode(&one); err == nil {
+		*s = stringList{one}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// readMyMeta reads the MYMETA.json that cpanm, cpm, and carton write beside install.json. A missing or
+// unreadable MYMETA is not an error: the distribution is still real, it just has fewer facts attached.
+func readMyMeta(resolver file.Resolver, installJSONLocation file.Location) (*file.Location, *cpanMeta) {
+	if resolver == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	p := path.Join(path.Dir(installJSONLocation.Path()), "MYMETA.json")
+
+	locations, err := resolver.FilesByPath(p)
+	if err != nil || len(locations) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	m, err := decodeMeta(resolver, locations[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithFields("path", p, "error", err).Debug("unable to parse CPAN MYMETA.json")
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	return &locations[0], m
+}
+
+func decodeMeta(resolver file.Resolver, location file.Location) (*cpanMeta, error) {
+	return decode(resolver, location, func(r io.Reader, m *cpanMeta) error {
+		return json.NewDecoder(r).Decode(m)
+	})
+}
+
+// decodeMetaYAML reads a spec 1.4 META.yml. CPAN META.yml files are rejected by strict YAML parsers often
+// enough to matter: pre-6.46 ExtUtils::MakeMaker writes values with no quoting or escaping at all, so a
+// multi-line ABSTRACT, a value that opens a quote it never closes, and a value starting with >= (which
+// YAML reads as a folded block scalar) all get emitted verbatim. Measured over 454 releases from 2004 to
+// 2009, five fail. That is a routine failure, not a defensive one, and the caller degrades on it.
+func decodeMetaYAML(resolver file.Resolver, location file.Location) (*cpanMeta, error) {
+	return decode(resolver, location, func(r io.Reader, m *cpanMeta) error {
+		return yaml.NewDecoder(r).Decode(m)
+	})
+}
+
+func decode(resolver file.Resolver, location file.Location, into func(io.Reader, *cpanMeta) error) (*cpanMeta, error) {
+	reader, err := resolver.FileContentsByLocation(location)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer internal.CloseAndLogError(reader, location.Path())
+
+	var m cpanMeta
+	if err := into(reader, &m); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &m, nil
+}
+
+// prereqModules returns the module names this distribution requires at runtime and build time.
+// develop and test phases are excluded: they describe how the distribution was authored, not what a
+// deployed copy of it needs. A spec 1.4 document has no phases at all, so its flat requires and
+// build_requires maps feed the same two buckets.
+func (m *cpanMeta) prereqModules() []string {
+	var modules []string
+	for _, phase := range []string{"runtime", "build"} {
+		for module := range m.Prereqs[phase]["requires"] {
+			modules = append(modules, module)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, flat := range []map[string]scalar{m.Requires, m.BuildRequires} {
+		for module := range flat {
+			modules = append(modules, module)
+		}
+	}
+	return modules
+}
+
+// licenseExpressions returns the license values to record on the package. x_spdx_expression wins when
+// present: it is a single SPDX expression, which syft's license parsing understands directly, rather
+// than a CPAN license shortname such as perl_5 or artistic_2.
+func (m *cpanMeta) licenseExpressions() []string {
+	if m.SPDX != "" {
+		return []string{m.SPDX}
+	}
+	return m.License
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/meta_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
+)
+
+// yaml.v3 does not honor json.Unmarshaler, so the lenient types that already tolerate both license and
+// version shapes in JSON need their own UnmarshalYAML or a spec 1.4 META.yml fails on one field.
+func Test_cpanMeta_lenientFieldsInYAML(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name            string
+		contents        string
+		expectedVersion scalar
+		expectedLicense stringList
+	}{
+		{
+			// what a real ExtUtils::MakeMaker 6.x META.yml writes: version unquoted, license a bare string
+			name:            "spec 1.4 shapes",
+			contents:        "name: Text-CSV\nversion: 1.21\nlicense: perl\n",
+			expectedVersion: "1.21",
+			expectedLicense: stringList{"perl"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "quoted version and a license list",
+			contents:        "name: URI\nversion: '5.35'\nlicense:\n  - perl_5\n  - artistic_2\n",
+			expectedVersion: "5.35",
+			expectedLicense: stringList{"perl_5", "artistic_2"},
+		},
+		{
+			// a version that would read as a v-string rather than a number
+			name:            "v-string version",
+			contents:        "name: App-cpm\nversion: v1.1.4\n",
+			expectedVersion: "v1.1.4",
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "explicit nulls",
+			contents:        "name: Foo\nversion: ~\nlicense: ~\n",
+			expectedVersion: "",
+			expectedLicense: nil,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var m cpanMeta
+			require.NoError(t, yaml.Unmarshal([]byte(tt.contents), &m))
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expectedVersion, m.Version)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expectedLicense, m.License)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_cpanMeta_licenseExpressions(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		contents string
+		expected []string
+	}{
+		{
+			// an SPDX expression is what syft's license parsing understands directly, where perl_5 is a
+			// CPAN::Meta token that has to be translated
+			name:     "x_spdx_expression wins",
+			contents: `{"license":["perl_5"],"x_spdx_expression":"Artistic-1.0-Perl OR GPL-1.0-or-later"}`,
+			expected: []string{"Artistic-1.0-Perl OR GPL-1.0-or-later"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "license is used when there is no expression",
+			contents: `{"license":["perl_5"]}`,
+			expected: []string{"perl_5"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "single-string license, as spec 1.4 writes it",
+			contents: `{"license":"perl"}`,
+			expected: []string{"perl"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "neither present",
+			contents: `{"name":"Foo"}`,
+			expected: nil,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var m cpanMeta
+			require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal([]byte(tt.contents), &m))
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, m.licenseExpressions())
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_cpanMeta_prereqModules(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		contents string
+		expected []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "spec 2 prereqs, keyed by phase",
+			contents: `{"prereqs":{
+				"runtime": {"requires": {"MIME::Base64": "2.1"}},
+				"build":   {"requires": {"ExtUtils::MakeMaker": "0"}},
+				"test":    {"requires": {"Test::More": "0.88"}},
+				"develop": {"requires": {"Pod::Coverage": "0"}}
+			}}`,
+			expected: []string{"MIME::Base64", "ExtUtils::MakeMaker"},
+		},
+		{
+			// spec 1.4 has no phase nesting at all, so the two flat maps feed the same two buckets
+			name:     "spec 1.4 flat requirements",
+			contents: `{"requires":{"IO::Handle":"0"},"build_requires":{"Test::More":"0.47"}}`,
+			expected: []string{"IO::Handle", "Test::More"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var m cpanMeta
+			require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal([]byte(tt.contents), &m))
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, tt.expected, m.prereqModules())
+		})
+	}
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/package.go

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/packageurl-go"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+)
+
+// newCpanPackage builds a package for a CPAN distribution. Note that the name and version are passed
+// separately rather than living on the metadata struct: they would be verbatim copies of the package
+// fields, so they are not duplicated into metadata.
+//
+// The metadata is an `any` because the two evidence tiers carry different types, and the author is an
+// explicit parameter for the same reason: pkg.CpanUnpackedRelease has no PAUSE path, so there is no
+// field on it the purl could be built from.
+func newCpanPackage(name, version, author string, md any, licenses []pkg.License, locations ...file.Location) pkg.Package {
+	p := pkg.Package{
+		Name:      name,
+		Version:   version,
+		PURL:      packageURL(name, version, author),
+		Locations: file.NewLocationSet(locations...),
+		Licenses:  pkg.NewLicenseSet(licenses...),
+		Language:  pkg.Perl,
+		Type:      pkg.CpanPkg,
+		Metadata:  md,
+	}
+
+	p.SetID()
+
+	return p
+}
+
+// packageURL returns the PURL for a CPAN distribution. The distribution name is used verbatim: CPAN
+// names are case sensitive. The author is emitted as a qualifier rather than as the namespace, which
+// is what the current purl spec prefers, and is omitted entirely when unknown rather than guessed.
+func packageURL(name, version, author string) string {
+	var qualifiers packageurl.Qualifiers
+	if author != "" {
+		qualifiers = append(qualifiers, packageurl.Qualifier{Key: "author", Value: author})
+	}
+
+	return packageurl.NewPackageURL(packageurl.TypeCpan, "", name, version, qualifiers, "").ToString()
+}
+
+// authorFromPathname extracts the CPAN author (PAUSE) ID from a PAUSE path such as
+// O/OA/OALDERS/URI-5.35.tar.gz. A path with fewer than three segments yields no author rather than a
+// partial one.
+func authorFromPathname(p string) string {
+	parts := strings.Split(p, "/")
+	if len(parts) < 3 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return parts[2]
+}
+
+// modulesFromProvides converts a CPAN metadata `provides` map into a stable, sorted module list.
+// The `file` field is dropped: the installed path is mechanical from the module name.
+func modulesFromProvides(provides map[string]providesEntry) []pkg.CpanModule {
+	if len(provides) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	modules := make([]pkg.CpanModule, 0, len(provides))
+	for name, entry := range provides {
+		modules = append(modules, pkg.CpanModule{Name: name, Version: string(entry.Version)})
+	}
+
+	sort.Slice(modules, func(i, j int) bool { return modules[i].Name < modules[j].Name })
+
+	return modules
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/package_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func Test_packageURL(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		dist    string
+		version string
+		author  string
+		want    string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "author available",
+			dist:    "URI",
+			version: "5.35",
+			author:  "OALDERS",
+			want:    "pkg:cpan/URI@5.35?author=OALDERS",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "no author known, e.g. a packlist-derived package",
+			dist:    "Text-CSV",
+			version: "2.06",
+			want:    "pkg:cpan/Text-CSV@2.06",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "case is preserved",
+			dist:    "JSON-MaybeXS",
+			version: "1.004008",
+			author:  "ETHER",
+			want:    "pkg:cpan/JSON-MaybeXS@1.004008?author=ETHER",
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "v-prefixed version is preserved",
+			dist:    "CPAN-02Packages-Search",
+			version: "v1.0.0",
+			author:  "SKAJI",
+			want:    "pkg:cpan/CPAN-02Packages-Search@v1.0.0?author=SKAJI",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "no version",
+			dist: "IO-Socket-SSL",
+			want: "pkg:cpan/IO-Socket-SSL",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, packageURL(tt.dist, tt.version, tt.author))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_authorFromPathname(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		pathname string
+		want     string
+	}{
+		{pathname: "O/OA/OALDERS/URI-5.35.tar.gz", want: "OALDERS"},
+		{pathname: "S/SK/SKAJI/CPAN-02Packages-Search-v1.0.0.tar.gz", want: "SKAJI"},
+		// not enough segments to name an author: better to omit than to guess
+		{pathname: "OALDERS/URI-5.35.tar.gz", want: ""},
+		{pathname: "URI-5.35.tar.gz", want: ""},
+		{pathname: "", want: ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.pathname, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, authorFromPathname(tt.pathname))
+		})
+	}
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/parse_install_json.go

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"path"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/log"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/artifact"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/generic"
+)
+
+// installJSON is the record cpanm (>= 1.5000), cpm, and carton write for every distribution they install.
+type installJSON struct {
+	// Name is the MODULE name, not the distribution: libwww-perl records "LWP" here, and
+	// CPAN-02Packages-Search records "CPAN::02Packages::Search". It is never the package name.
+	Name     string                   `json:"name"`
+	Dist     string                   `json:"dist"` // distribution with version, e.g. libwww-perl-5.836
+	Version  scalar                   `json:"version"`
+	Pathname string                   `json:"pathname"` // PAUSE path, e.g. O/OA/OALDERS/URI-5.35.tar.gz
+	Provides map[string]providesEntry `json:"provides"`
+}
+
+func parseInstallJSON(ctx context.Context, resolver file.Resolver, _ *generic.Environment, reader file.LocationReadCloser) ([]pkg.Package, []artifact.Relationship, error) {
+	var doc installJSON
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(reader).Decode(&doc); err != nil {
+		log.WithFields("path", reader.Path(), "error", err).Debug("unable to parse CPAN install.json")
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	name, version := distributionNameVersion(doc)
+	if name == "" || version == "" {
+		log.WithFields("path", reader.Path()).Debug("CPAN install.json is missing a distribution name or version")
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	locations := []file.Location{reader.WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation)}
+
+	var licenses []pkg.License
+	if myMetaLocation, myMeta := readMyMeta(resolver, reader.Location); myMeta != nil {
+		licenses = pkg.NewLicensesFromLocationWithContext(ctx, *myMetaLocation, myMeta.licenseExpressions()...)
+		locations = append(locations, myMetaLocation.WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.SupportingEvidenceAnnotation))
+	}
+
+	md := pkg.CpanDistribution{
+		Dist:    doc.Dist,
+		Author:  authorFromPathname(doc.Pathname),
+		Path:    doc.Pathname,
+		Modules: modulesFromProvides(doc.Provides),
+	}
+
+	return []pkg.Package{newCpanPackage(name, version, md.Author, md, licenses, locations...)}, nil, nil
+}
+
+// distributionNameVersion resolves the distribution name and version, which every consumer of these
+// packages is keyed by. The `name` field cannot be used: it holds the module name, so libwww-perl would
+// be reported as LWP and CGI-Session as CGI::Session, which no advisory or index is filed against.
+//
+// Both come from `dist` rather than trimming `version` off it, because cpanm writes the main module's
+// $VERSION into `version` and the release's distvname into `dist`, and the two often disagree:
+// Carp-Assert-More-2.9.0 records version 2.009000, and Class-Rebirth-1.003 records 1.000. Trimming fails
+// on those, and the resulting version would never pair with the packlist record for the same install.
+func distributionNameVersion(doc installJSON) (string, string) {
+	distvname := doc.Dist
+	if distvname == "" {
+		// older cpanm and hand-rolled records omit dist; the PAUSE path basename carries the same
+		// <Dist>-<Version>.tar.gz shape
+		distvname = distvnameFromPathname(doc.Pathname)
+	}
+
+	if name, version := splitDistvname(distvname); name != "" {
+		return name, version
+	}
+
+	// no version suffix to split off, so dist is already the bare name
+	return distvname, string(doc.Version)
+}
+
+// distvnamePattern splits a distvname at the last dash followed by a version, the rule
+// CPAN::DistnameInfo applies. A -TRIAL suffix is a maturity flag and not part of either half: MetaCPAN
+// files Try-Tiny-0.26-TRIAL as distribution Try-Tiny, version 0.26.
+var distvnamePattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^(.+)-(v?[0-9][^-]*)(?:-TRIAL[0-9]*)?$`)
+
+func splitDistvname(distvname string) (string, string) {
+	match := distvnamePattern.FindStringSubmatch(distvname)
+	if match == nil {
+		return "", ""
+	}
+	return match[1], match[2]
+}
+
+// distvnameFromPathname recovers the distvname from a PAUSE path such as
+// G/GA/GAAS/libwww-perl-5.836.tar.gz, which is the only evidence left when `dist` is absent.
+func distvnameFromPathname(pathname string) string {
+	base := path.Base(pathname)
+	if base == "." || base == "/" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	for _, ext := range []string{".tar.gz", ".tar.bz2", ".tgz", ".zip"} {
+		base = strings.TrimSuffix(base, ext)
+	}
+
+	return base
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/parse_install_json_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/artifact"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/pkgtest"
+)
+
+// the record shape here is cpanm's, reduced to the fields the parser reads. What matters is that
+// `name` is the module (CPAN::02Packages::Search) and must not become the package name, and that the
+// version is a v-string, which the split of `dist` has to keep whole rather than treat as three segments.
+//
+// The byte-level shape of what the clients really write is covered against real files by
+// TestInstallJSON_clientFormatting.
+const installJSONFixture = `{"target":"CPAN::02Packages::Search","module_name":"CPAN::02Packages::Search",` +
+	`"version":"v1.0.0","dist":"CPAN-02Packages-Search-v1.0.0","pathname":"S/SK/SKAJI/CPAN-02Packages-Search-v1.0.0.tar.gz",` +
+	`"provides":{"CPAN::02Packages::Search":{"file":"lib/CPAN/02Packages/Search.pm","version":"v1.0.0"}},` +
+	`"name":"CPAN::02Packages::Search"}`
+
+func TestParseInstallJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	const location = "usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/CPAN-02Packages-Search-v1.0.0/install.json"
+
+	expected := []pkg.Package{
+		{
+			Name:      "CPAN-02Packages-Search",
+			Version:   "v1.0.0",
+			PURL:      "pkg:cpan/CPAN-02Packages-Search@v1.0.0?author=SKAJI",
+			Locations: file.NewLocationSet(file.NewLocation(location)),
+			Language:  pkg.Perl,
+			Type:      pkg.CpanPkg,
+			Metadata: pkg.CpanDistribution{
+				Dist:   "CPAN-02Packages-Search-v1.0.0",
+				Author: "SKAJI",
+				Path:   "S/SK/SKAJI/CPAN-02Packages-Search-v1.0.0.tar.gz",
+				// the provides map, sorted by module name, with per-module versions: a distribution
+				// built with inherit_version = 0 ships modules at versions other than its own
+				Modules: []pkg.CpanModule{
+					{Name: "CPAN::02Packages::Search", Version: "v1.0.0"},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// no MYMETA.json is reachable from a single-string resolver, so the package is reported with no
+	// licenses and no error
+	pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
+		FromString(location, installJSONFixture).
+		Expects(expected, []artifact.Relationship(nil)).
+		TestParser(t, parseInstallJSON)
+}
+
+// libwww-perl is the canonical name mismatch: `name` is LWP while the distribution every advisory and
+// index is filed against is libwww-perl. Reporting LWP here is the bug this guards. The end-to-end
+// form of it is TestCpanInstalledCataloger_mirrorInstallEvidence.
+func TestParseInstallJSON_distributionNameNotModuleName(t *testing.T) {
+	const record = `{"name":"LWP","version":"6.83","dist":"libwww-perl-6.83",` +
+		`"pathname":"O/OA/OALDERS/libwww-perl-6.83.tar.gz",` +
+		`"provides":{"LWP":{"file":"lib/LWP.pm","version":"6.83"},"LWP::UserAgent":{"file":"lib/LWP/UserAgent.pm","version":"6.83"}}}`
+
+	pkgs := parseString(t, "libwww-perl-6.83/install.json", record)
+	require.Len(t, pkgs, 1)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "libwww-perl", pkgs[0].Name, "the package name must be the distribution, not the LWP module")
+	assert.Equal(t, "pkg:cpan/libwww-perl@6.83?author=OALDERS", pkgs[0].PURL)
+
+	// the module name is not lost, it belongs in the provides map
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"LWP", "LWP::UserAgent"}, providedModules(pkgs[0]))
+}
+
+// TestInstallJSON_clientFormatting records what was measured about cpm versus cpanm, since the
+// question of whether cpm needs its own coverage kept coming up. Both files are read out of the
+// image, where cpanm (through carton) and cpm each installed one distribution.
+//
+// Finding: they are NOT byte-identical. cpanm writes compact JSON with no trailing newline; cpm writes
+// canonical JSON, indented three spaces with spaces around the colons and a trailing newline. The
+// record itself has the same shape, including `dist` carrying the version suffix, which is worth
+// stating because it is the field the distribution name is derived from.
+//
+// So anything that reads these files by decoding JSON is unaffected by the difference; anything that
+// pattern matches the bytes is not.
+func TestInstallJSON_clientFormatting(t *testing.T) {
+	resolver := imageResolver(t, "image-cpan-mirror-installs")
+
+	read := func(path string) string {
+		locations, err := resolver.FilesByPath(path)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Len(t, locations, 1, path)
+
+		reader, err := resolver.FileContentsByLocation(locations[0])
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		defer internal.CloseAndLogError(reader, path)
+
+		contents, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		return string(contents)
+	}
+
+	// written by cpanm, which carton shells out to
+	cpanmWritten := read("/app/local/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Text-CSV-2.06/install.json")
+	cpmWritten := read("/srv/api/local/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Capture-Tiny-0.48/install.json")
+
+	assert.NotContains(t, cpanmWritten, "\n", "cpanm writes a single compact line")
+	assert.Contains(t, cpmWritten, "\"dist\" : ", "cpm writes canonical JSON, with spaces around the colons")
+	assert.Contains(t, cpmWritten, "\n", "and a trailing newline")
+
+	var fromCpanm, fromCpm installJSON
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal([]byte(cpanmWritten), &fromCpanm))
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal([]byte(cpmWritten), &fromCpm))
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "Text-CSV-2.06", fromCpanm.Dist)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Capture-Tiny-0.48", fromCpm.Dist, "cpm does carry the version suffix on dist, just as cpanm does")
+}
+
+// cpanm writes the main module's $VERSION into `version` and the release's distvname into `dist`, so the
+// two disagree whenever the module is versioned differently from the release. Name and version must both
+// come from `dist`, or the name is the whole distvname and the version never pairs with the packlist
+// record for the same install. The cases are the ones reported on the PR, from real cpanm installs.
+func TestParseInstallJSON_nameAndVersionFromDist(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		record      string
+		wantName    string
+		wantVersion string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "module version formatted differently from the release",
+			record:      `{"name":"Carp::Assert::More","version":"2.009000","dist":"Carp-Assert-More-2.9.0"}`,
+			wantName:    "Carp-Assert-More",
+			wantVersion: "2.9.0",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "module version behind the release",
+			record:      `{"name":"Class::Rebirth","version":"1.000","dist":"Class-Rebirth-1.003"}`,
+			wantName:    "Class-Rebirth",
+			wantVersion: "1.003",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "TRIAL is a maturity flag, not part of the name or version",
+			record:      `{"name":"Try::Tiny","version":"0.26","dist":"Try-Tiny-0.26-TRIAL"}`,
+			wantName:    "Try-Tiny",
+			wantVersion: "0.26",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "v-string version stays whole",
+			record:      `{"name":"CPAN::02Packages::Search","version":"v1.0.0","dist":"CPAN-02Packages-Search-v1.0.0"}`,
+			wantName:    "CPAN-02Packages-Search",
+			wantVersion: "v1.0.0",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "no dist falls back to the PAUSE path",
+			record:      `{"name":"LWP","version":"5.836","pathname":"G/GA/GAAS/libwww-perl-5.836.tar.gz"}`,
+			wantName:    "libwww-perl",
+			wantVersion: "5.836",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "dist with no version suffix keeps the recorded version",
+			record:      `{"name":"URI","version":"5.35","dist":"URI"}`,
+			wantName:    "URI",
+			wantVersion: "5.35",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			pkgs := parseString(t, "install.json", tt.record)
+			require.Len(t, pkgs, 1)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantName, pkgs[0].Name)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantVersion, pkgs[0].Version)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func parseString(t *testing.T, location, content string) []pkg.Package {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	pkgs, _, err := parseInstallJSON(context.Background(), nil, nil,
+		file.NewLocationReadCloser(file.NewLocation(location), io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(content))))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return pkgs
+}
+
+func TestParseInstallJSON_degrades(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		content string
+	}{
+		{name: "unparseable json", content: "not json at all\n"},
+		{
+			// never fall back to splitting the containing directory name
+			name:    "missing name and version",
+			content: `{"provides":{"URI":{"file":"lib/URI.pm"}}}`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			pkgtest.NewCatalogTester().
+				FromString("URI-5.35/install.json", tt.content).
+				Expects(nil, nil).
+				TestParser(t, parseInstallJSON)
+		})
+	}
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/parse_packlist.go

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/artifact"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/generic"
+)
+
+// versionPattern matches the $VERSION assignment perl modules declare, e.g. `our $VERSION = '2.06';`.
+// The value is captured as written so that both decimal (1.303) and v-string (v1.1.4) forms survive intact.
+//
+// Requiring a literal after the `=` is what makes the pattern decline the computed forms, which cannot be
+// read statically at all: real Encode.pm is a bare `our $VERSION;` followed by
+// `$VERSION = sprintf "%d.%02d", q$Revision: 3.24 $ =~ /(\d+)/g;` inside a BEGIN block. Those come from
+// perllocal.pod instead, which records what the installer evaluated.
+//
+// The optional package prefix covers the fully qualified form older Dist::Zilla wrote,
+// `$JSON::PP::VERSION = '2.27300';`, and qv() covers `our $VERSION = qv('1.2.3');`.
+var versionPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^[ \t]*(?:our[ \t]+|my[ \t]+)?\$(?:[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*::)*VERSION[ \t]*=[ \t]*(?:qv\()?['"]?(v?[0-9][0-9._]*)`)
+
+// packageVersionPattern matches a version declared in the package statement itself,
+// `package CPAN::02Packages::Search v1.0.0;`, which perl 5.12 and later allow. A distribution using it
+// need carry no $VERSION assignment anywhere: real CPAN::02Packages::Search v1.0.0 does not.
+var packageVersionPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^[ \t]*package[ \t]+[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_:]*[ \t]+(v?[0-9][0-9._]*)[ \t]*[;{]`)
+
+// packlistMetadataSuffix matches the trailing `key=value` metadata that ExtUtils::Packlist::read strips
+// from a packlist line, following the `/^(.*?)( \w+=.*)$/` it uses. Cutting at the first space instead
+// truncates any real path that contains one, which corrupts both the owned-file list and the main-.pm
+// version fallback.
+var packlistMetadataSuffix = regexp.MustCompile(` \w+=.*$`)
+
+// parsePacklist catalogs a distribution installed by any ExtUtils::MakeMaker or Module::Build run,
+// which covers CPAN.pm (which writes no .meta) and the perl image's own preinstalled distributions.
+func parsePacklist(_ context.Context, _ file.Resolver, _ *generic.Environment, reader file.LocationReadCloser) ([]pkg.Package, []artifact.Relationship, error) {
+	name := distNameFromPacklistPath(reader.Path())
+	if name == "" {
+		// the perl core packlist has no auto/<Dist> segment; it lists thousands of files and describes
+		// no single distribution
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var files []string
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(reader)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		// packlist lines are "<path>" or "<path> type=link from=<path>"
+		if f := strings.TrimSpace(packlistMetadataSuffix.ReplaceAllString(scanner.Text(), "")); f != "" {
+			files = append(files, f)
+		}
+	}
+
+	location := reader.WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation)
+	md := pkg.CpanDistribution{MainModule: moduleFromDashedName(name), Files: files}
+
+	// the version is left to resolvePacklistVersions, which prefers perllocal.pod and needs the whole
+	// cataloged set to find it. A distribution with no readable version is still reported, so that it
+	// stays visible.
+	return []pkg.Package{newCpanPackage(name, "", "", md, nil, location)}, nil, nil
+}
+
+// distNameFromPacklistPath derives the distribution name from the packlist path, e.g.
+// .../auto/IO/Socket/SSL/.packlist yields IO-Socket-SSL. A path with no auto/ segment yields "".
+func distNameFromPacklistPath(p string) string {
+	parts := strings.Split(strings.Trim(p, "/"), "/")
+
+	last := -1
+	for i, part := range parts {
+		if part == "auto" {
+			last = i
+		}
+	}
+
+	if last < 0 || last+1 >= len(parts)-1 {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(parts[last+1:len(parts)-1], "-")
+}
+
+// mainModuleFile picks the .pm file in the packlist that corresponds to the distribution's main module,
+// e.g. Text-CSV is expected to install Text/CSV.pm.
+//
+// The suffix can match more than one entry, and taking the first is wrong: libwww-perl's packlist lists
+// both Bundle/LWP.pm (5.835) and LWP.pm (5.836), with the Bundle copy first. The main module sits at the
+// lib root, so the shallowest match is the right one; a nested match is some other module that merely
+// ends in the same basename.
+func mainModuleFile(dist string, files []string) string {
+	suffix := "/" + strings.ReplaceAll(dist, "-", "/") + ".pm"
+
+	best := ""
+	bestDepth := 0
+	for _, f := range files {
+		if !strings.HasSuffix(f, suffix) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if depth := strings.Count(f, "/"); best == "" || depth < bestDepth {
+			best, bestDepth = f, depth
+		}
+	}
+
+	return best
+}
+
+func findFile(resolver file.Resolver, p string) (file.Location, bool) {
+	if resolver == nil || p == "" {
+		return file.Location{}, false
+	}
+	locations, err := resolver.FilesByPath(p)
+	if err != nil || len(locations) == 0 {
+		return file.Location{}, false
+	}
+	return locations[0], true
+}
+
+func readVersionFromPM(resolver file.Resolver, location file.Location) string {
+	reader, err := resolver.FileContentsByLocation(location)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	defer internal.CloseAndLogError(reader, location.Path())
+
+	return versionFromPM(reader)
+}
+
+func versionFromPM(r io.Reader) string {
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		for _, pattern := range []*regexp.Regexp{versionPattern, packageVersionPattern} {
+			if match := pattern.FindStringSubmatch(line); match != nil {
+				return strings.TrimRight(match[1], ".")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/parse_packlist_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+)
+
+func Test_distNameFromPacklistPath(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		path string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{path: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/auto/Text/CSV/.packlist", want: "Text-CSV"},
+		{path: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/auto/IO/Socket/SSL/.packlist", want: "IO-Socket-SSL"},
+		{path: "auto/URI/.packlist", want: "URI"},
+		// the perl core install has a packlist with no auto/ segment; it must produce nothing
+		{path: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/.packlist", want: ""},
+		{path: "/some/auto/.packlist", want: ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.path, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, distNameFromPacklistPath(tt.path))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_mainModuleFile(t *testing.T) {
+	files := []string{
+		"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/Text/CSV_PP.pm",
+		"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/Text/CSV.pm",
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/Text/CSV.pm", mainModuleFile("Text-CSV", files))
+	assert.Equal(t, "", mainModuleFile("Text-CSV-XS", files))
+}
+
+func Test_versionFromPM(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		contents string
+		want     string
+	}{
+		{name: "our, single quoted", contents: "package Text::CSV;\n\nour $VERSION = '2.06';\n", want: "2.06"},
+		// what Text::CSV and JSON::PP really do: use vars, then assign inside a BEGIN block
+		{name: "assigned inside BEGIN", contents: "use vars qw( $VERSION );\n\nBEGIN {\n    $VERSION = '2.06';\n}\n", want: "2.06"},
+		{name: "bare assignment", contents: "$VERSION = \"1.303\";\n", want: "1.303"},
+		{name: "unquoted decimal", contents: "our $VERSION = 5.35;\n", want: "5.35"},
+		{name: "v-string is preserved", contents: "our $VERSION = 'v1.1.4';\n", want: "v1.1.4"},
+		// the fully qualified form older Dist::Zilla wrote, as real JSON::PP 2.27300 carries
+		{name: "package qualified", contents: "package JSON::PP;\n\n$JSON::PP::VERSION = '2.27300';\n", want: "2.27300"},
+		{name: "qv wrapper", contents: "our $VERSION = qv('1.2.3');\n", want: "1.2.3"},
+		// perl 5.12 and later allow the version in the package statement, and a distribution using it
+		// need carry no $VERSION at all
+		{name: "package statement v-string", contents: "package CPAN::02Packages::Search v1.0.0;\nuse v5.24;\n", want: "v1.0.0"},
+		{name: "package statement decimal", contents: "package Foo::Bar 1.23;\n", want: "1.23"},
+		{name: "package statement block form", contents: "package Foo::Bar v2.0.1 {\n}\n", want: "v2.0.1"},
+		// a $VERSION assignment later in the file still wins over a version-less package statement
+		{name: "package statement without a version", contents: "package Foo::Bar;\nour $VERSION = '1.00';\n", want: "1.00"},
+		// $XS_VERSION and friends must not be mistaken for $VERSION
+		{name: "other version variables ignored", contents: "our $XS_VERSION = '9.99';\nour $VERSION = '1.00';\n", want: "1.00"},
+		// real Encode.pm: declared bare, then computed from an RCS keyword inside BEGIN. Nothing static can
+		// read that, and guessing at it would be worse than the empty version perllocal.pod then fills in.
+		{name: "computed from an RCS Revision keyword", contents: "our $VERSION;\nBEGIN {\n    $VERSION = sprintf \"%d.%02d\", q$Revision: 3.24 $ =~ /(\\d+)/g;\n}\n", want: ""},
+		{name: "no version at all", contents: "package Foo;\n1;\n", want: ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, versionFromPM(strings.NewReader(tt.contents)))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// Test_parsePacklist_metadataSuffix pins the cut against what ExtUtils::Packlist::read does, which is to
+// strip a suffix matching /^(.*?)( \w+=.*)$/ rather than to cut at the first space. A perl tree under a
+// directory whose name contains a space is ordinary on macOS and Windows.
+func Test_parsePacklist_metadataSuffix(t *testing.T) {
+	const packlist = `/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/Text/CSV.pm
+/Users/me/My Perl/lib/Text/CSV_PP.pm
+/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/auto/Text/CSV/CSV.so type=file
+/usr/local/bin/csvdiff type=link from=/usr/local/bin/csvdiff-2.06
+`
+
+	pkgs, _, err := parsePacklist(context.Background(), nil, nil,
+		file.NewLocationReadCloser(file.NewLocation("usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/aarch64-linux-gnu/auto/Text/CSV/.packlist"),
+			io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(packlist))))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, pkgs, 1)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{
+		"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/Text/CSV.pm",
+		"/Users/me/My Perl/lib/Text/CSV_PP.pm",
+		"/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/auto/Text/CSV/CSV.so",
+		"/usr/local/bin/csvdiff",
+	}, pkgs[0].Metadata.(pkg.CpanDistribution).Files)
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/parse_release_meta.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"path"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/log"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/artifact"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/generic"
+)
+
+// parseReleaseMeta catalogs the single distribution described by the META.json or META.yml at the root of
+// an unpacked CPAN distribution: a release tarball or a vendored distribution tree.
+//
+// Both formats are read because META.json is not the common case. Measured on MetaCPAN's file index over
+// 41,722 latest releases, root level only: 23,714 ship a META.json (57%), 37,114 a META.yml (89%), and
+// 41,008 a MANIFEST (98%). Reading only META.json skips roughly 43% of current releases, skewed toward the
+// old ones where the advisories concentrate.
+func parseReleaseMeta(ctx context.Context, resolver file.Resolver, _ *generic.Environment, reader file.LocationReadCloser) ([]pkg.Package, []artifact.Relationship, error) {
+	if isBuildLeftover(reader.Path()) || !isUnpackedRelease(resolver, reader.Location) {
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	isYAML := strings.EqualFold(path.Base(reader.Path()), "META.yml")
+
+	// where both sit in one directory the META.yml invocation yields nothing. META.json is the spec 2
+	// document and is what release tooling generates last, so where they disagree it is the newer
+	// rendering. Skipping at this end keeps the cataloger free of dedup processors.
+	if isYAML && hasSiblingMetaJSON(resolver, reader.Location) {
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	decoder := decodeMeta
+	if isYAML {
+		decoder = decodeMetaYAML
+	}
+
+	m, err := decoder(resolver, reader.Location)
+	if err != nil {
+		// a META.yml a strict parser rejects is routine rather than exceptional, so this skips the
+		// directory and never fails the scan
+		log.WithFields("path", reader.Path(), "error", err).Debug("unable to parse CPAN meta file")
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if m.Name == "" || m.Version == "" {
+		log.WithFields("path", reader.Path()).Debug("CPAN meta file is missing a name or version")
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	location := reader.WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation)
+	licenses := pkg.NewLicensesFromLocationWithContext(ctx, reader.Location, m.licenseExpressions()...)
+	md := pkg.CpanUnpackedRelease{Modules: modulesFromProvides(m.Provides)}
+
+	return []pkg.Package{newCpanPackage(m.Name, string(m.Version), "", md, licenses, location)}, nil, nil
+}
+
+// isUnpackedRelease decides whether a meta file describes an unpacked distribution or a source
+// repository. A committed META.json records the last release and drifts from the working tree
+// (libwww-perl carries 6.83 in META.json and 6.84 in lib/LWP.pm on the same commit), so it must not be
+// trusted for version. A sibling MANIFEST is what tells the two apart: release tarballs ship one, while a
+// source checkout does not, since the MANIFEST is generated at build time.
+func isUnpackedRelease(resolver file.Resolver, metaLocation file.Location) bool {
+	_, ok := findFile(resolver, path.Join(path.Dir(metaLocation.Path()), "MANIFEST"))
+
+	return ok
+}
+
+// buildLeftoverDirs are the trees CPAN clients unpack into. A cpanm work directory genuinely is an
+// unpacked release tarball, MANIFEST included, so the isUnpackedRelease gate is working correctly and
+// still admits it; a path exclusion is the only signal available. What makes it a leftover is that a copy
+// of the same distribution was installed elsewhere in the same tree, and the two would be reported as
+// separate packages, since two catalogers reporting at different locations can never share a package ID.
+// Both catalogers run on directory scans, so that duplication is reachable there.
+//
+// cpanm leaves ~/.cpanm/work/<epoch>/<Dist>-<Version>/ and CPAN.pm leaves
+// ~/.cpan/build/<Dist>-<Version>-XXXX/ with a random suffix, neither of which is cleaned up by default,
+// so any tree that did not rm -rf them reported every distribution it installed twice.
+//
+// The honest cost: an unpacked tarball a user deliberately keeps under ~/.cpan/build stops being reported.
+var buildLeftoverDirs = []string{".cpanm/work", ".cpan/build"}
+
+func isBuildLeftover(p string) bool {
+	normalized := normalizePath(p)
+	for _, dir := range buildLeftoverDirs {
+		if strings.Contains(normalized, "/"+dir+"/") {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func hasSiblingMetaJSON(resolver file.Resolver, metaLocation file.Location) bool {
+	_, ok := findFile(resolver, path.Join(path.Dir(metaLocation.Path()), "META.json"))
+
+	return ok
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/parse_release_meta_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func Test_isBuildLeftover(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		path string
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{path: "/root/.cpanm/work/1785183030.2/Clone-0.50/META.json", want: true},
+		{path: "/root/.cpan/build/Encode-3.24-0/META.json", want: true},
+		// a directory scan reports paths relative to its root
+		{path: "root/.cpanm/work/1785183030.2/Clone-0.50/META.yml", want: true},
+		{path: "/home/app/.cpan/build/Text-CSV-2.06-mQ3Ktb/META.json", want: true},
+		// a release deliberately unpacked somewhere else is still reported
+		{path: "/opt/vendor/Text-CSV-2.06/META.json", want: false},
+		{path: "/src/Encode-3.24/META.json", want: false},
+		// the client's own directories are not build trees; only work/ and build/ under them are
+		{path: "/root/.cpanm/latest-build/META.json", want: false},
+		{path: "/root/.cpan/sources/META.json", want: false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.path, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, isBuildLeftover(tt.path))
+		})
+	}
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/perllocal.go

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/internal/log"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/artifact"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+)
+
+// perllocal.pod stanzas look like this, one per install:
+//
+//	=head2 Mon Jul 27 20:10:38 2026: C<Module> L<Net::HTTP|Net::HTTP>
+//	=item * C<installed into: /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4>
+//	=item * C<VERSION: 6.24>
+//
+// The date prefix has changed across ExtUtils::MakeMaker versions (localtime became
+// gmtime($ENV{SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH} || time) for reproducible builds), so the stanza is recognized by the
+// C<Module> marker rather than by anything in the heading. Every EUMM version checked emits =head2, so
+// the heading level is not known to vary; keying on the marker just means nothing here depends on it.
+var (
+	perllocalModulePattern  = regexp.MustCompile(`C<Module>\s+L<([^|>]+)`)
+	perllocalInstalledInto  = regexp.MustCompile(`C<installed into:\s*([^>]*)>`)
+	perllocalVersionPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`C<VERSION:\s*([^>]*)>`)
+)
+
+// perllocalEntry is one Module stanza of a perllocal.pod, in the order it was written.
+type perllocalEntry struct {
+	Module        string // as written, e.g. Net::HTTP
+	InstalledInto string // the INSTALLSITELIB the installer recorded
+	Version       string
+}
+
+// perllocalPod is a parsed perllocal.pod together with where it was found, since the file that supplied
+// a version is recorded as supporting evidence on the package.
+type perllocalPod struct {
+	location file.Location
+	entries  []perllocalEntry
+}
+
+// resolvePacklistVersions fills in the version of every package that came from a .packlist.
+//
+// perllocal.pod is the primary source because ExtUtils::MakeMaker writes it and the packlist from the
+// same variables in the same install target: the packlist goes to $(SITEARCHEXP)/auto/$(FULLEXT)/.packlist
+// while the stanza records "Module" "$(NAME)" with VERSION "$(VERSION)", and FULLEXT is NAME with :: turned
+// into /. So the auto/ path segments and the stanza's module name are the same key. $(VERSION) is what EUMM
+// evaluated at build time, so a version the module computes rather than declares is recorded correctly,
+// which static .pm parsing cannot do at all.
+//
+// This is a processor rather than a per-packlist read because perllocal.pod is not a sibling of anything:
+// EUMM writes it to DESTINSTALLARCHLIB, the core arch directory, even for site installs, so it has to be
+// found with a resolver glob. There is one per install tree against many packlists, so it is parsed once
+// here rather than once per packlist.
+//
+// It must run before mergeDistributions. Merging pairs a packlist package to its install.json package only
+// when the versions agree or the packlist version is absent, so filling the version in afterwards would
+// leave every distribution whose two evidence kinds disagree split into two packages.
+func resolvePacklistVersions(_ context.Context, resolver file.Resolver, pkgs []pkg.Package, rels []artifact.Relationship, err error) ([]pkg.Package, []artifact.Relationship, error) {
+	if resolver == nil || len(pkgs) == 0 {
+		return pkgs, rels, err
+	}
+
+	var pods []perllocalPod
+	for _, location := range perllocalLocations(resolver) {
+		if entries := readPerllocal(resolver, location); len(entries) > 0 {
+			pods = append(pods, perllocalPod{location: location, entries: entries})
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i := range pkgs {
+		md, ok := pkgs[i].Metadata.(pkg.CpanDistribution)
+		if !ok || md.MainModule == "" || pkgs[i].Version != "" {
+			// not a packlist-derived package, so there is nothing to resolve
+			continue
+		}
+
+		version, evidence := packlistVersion(resolver, pods, pkgs[i], md)
+		if version == "" && evidence == nil {
+			// still emitted with an empty version rather than dropped, so the distribution stays visible
+			continue
+		}
+
+		pkgs[i].Version = version
+		pkgs[i].PURL = packageURL(pkgs[i].Name, version, md.Author)
+		if evidence != nil {
+			locations := pkgs[i].Locations
+			locations.Add(evidence.WithAnnotation(pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey, pkg.SupportingEvidenceAnnotation))
+			pkgs[i].Locations = locations
+		}
+
+		// Version and Locations both participate in the package ID
+		pkgs[i].SetID()
+	}
+
+	return pkgs, rels, err
+}
+
+// packlistVersion resolves one packlist package's version, preferring perllocal.pod and falling back to
+// scraping $VERSION out of the distribution's main .pm. The fallback is not vestigial: NO_PERLLOCAL
+// suppresses the file the same way NO_PACKLIST suppresses the packlist, and Module::Build and
+// Module::Build::Tiny write packlists but no perllocal.pod at all.
+func packlistVersion(resolver file.Resolver, pods []perllocalPod, p pkg.Package, md pkg.CpanDistribution) (string, *file.Location) {
+	packlistPath := primaryPath(p)
+
+	if version, location := perllocalVersion(pods, p.Name, packlistPath); version != "" {
+		return version, location
+	}
+
+	pmLocation, ok := findFile(resolver, mainModuleFile(p.Name, md.Files))
+	if !ok {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+
+	return readVersionFromPM(resolver, pmLocation), &pmLocation
+}
+
+// perllocalVersion picks the stanza that describes the packlist at packlistPath, by three rules:
+//
+//  1. Key on the dashed module name: auto/Net/HTTP/.packlist and "Module Net::HTTP" both give Net-HTTP.
+//  2. The stanza's "installed into" libdir must be a path prefix of the packlist, since in every standard
+//     perl layout the arch directory nests under the lib directory. Where an image carries more than one
+//     perl, the core libdir of one tree can also prefix-match another tree's packlist, so the longest
+//     matching libdir wins. Without that a version from the wrong perl silently wins, which is worse than
+//     no version at all.
+//  3. The file is append-only, so an upgrade leaves a stale stanza beside the current one forever. Stanzas
+//     are chronological, so the last match wins. The dates are not parsed; file order is the ordering.
+func perllocalVersion(pods []perllocalPod, dashedName, packlistPath string) (string, *file.Location) {
+	var (
+		version    string
+		evidence   *file.Location
+		bestLibdir int
+	)
+
+	for i := range pods {
+		for _, entry := range pods[i].entries {
+			if entry.Version == "" || strings.ReplaceAll(entry.Module, "::", "-") != dashedName {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			libdir := strings.TrimSuffix(entry.InstalledInto, "/")
+			if libdir == "" || !strings.HasPrefix(normalizePath(packlistPath), normalizePath(libdir)+"/") {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// >= rather than > so that the last stanza of an equally specific libdir wins
+			if len(libdir) >= bestLibdir {
+				version, evidence, bestLibdir = entry.Version, &pods[i].location, len(libdir)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return version, evidence
+}
+
+// normalizePath makes the resolver's relative paths and perllocal's absolute libdirs comparable. A
+// directory scan reports paths relative to its root, while perllocal records what the installer saw.
+func normalizePath(p string) string {
+	return "/" + strings.TrimPrefix(p, "/")
+}
+
+func perllocalLocations(resolver file.Resolver) []file.Location {
+	locations, err := resolver.FilesByGlob("**/perllocal.pod")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithFields("error", err).Debug("unable to search for perllocal.pod")
+		return nil
+	}
+	return locations
+}
+
+func readPerllocal(resolver file.Resolver, location file.Location) []perllocalEntry {
+	reader, err := resolver.FileContentsByLocation(location)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithFields("path", location.Path(), "error", err).Debug("unable to read perllocal.pod")
+		return nil
+	}
+	defer internal.CloseAndLogError(reader, location.Path())
+
+	return parsePerllocal(reader)
+}
+
+func parsePerllocal(r io.Reader) []perllocalEntry {
+	var entries []perllocalEntry
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+
+		if match := perllocalModulePattern.FindStringSubmatch(line); match != nil {
+			entries = append(entries, perllocalEntry{Module: strings.TrimSpace(match[1])})
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if len(entries) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		current := &entries[len(entries)-1]
+		if match := perllocalInstalledInto.FindStringSubmatch(line); match != nil {
+			current.InstalledInto = strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		}
+		if match := perllocalVersionPattern.FindStringSubmatch(line); match != nil {
+			current.Version = strings.TrimSpace(match[1])
+		}
+	}
+
+	return entries
+}
+
+// primaryPath returns the path of the evidence the package was built from, which for a packlist package
+// is the .packlist itself.
+func primaryPath(p pkg.Package) string {
+	for _, location := range p.Locations.ToSlice() {
+		if location.Annotations[pkg.EvidenceAnnotationKey] == pkg.PrimaryEvidenceAnnotation {
+			return location.Path()
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/perllocal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+)
+
+func Test_parsePerllocal(t *testing.T) {
+	// two stanzas as ExtUtils::MakeMaker writes them, with the second module upgraded in place so both a
+	// stale entry and a current one are present. Real EUMM emits =head2; the =head1 here is a deliberate
+	// variation, to pin that the parser keys on the C<Module> marker and not on the heading level.
+	const pod = `=head0 L<Perl documentation|perl>
+
+=head1 Sun Jul 26 18:04:12 2026: C<Module> L<Encode|Encode>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+C<installed into: /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4>
+
+=item *
+
+C<LINKTYPE: dynamic>
+
+=item *
+
+C<VERSION: 3.24>
+
+=item *
+
+C<EXE_FILES: bin/enc2xs>
+
+=back
+
+=head2 Mon Jul 27 20:10:38 2026: C<Module> L<Net::HTTP|Net::HTTP>
+
+=over 4
+
+=item *
+
+C<installed into: /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4>
+
+=item *
+
+C<VERSION: 6.24>
+
+=back
+`
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []perllocalEntry{
+		{Module: "Encode", InstalledInto: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4", Version: "3.24"},
+		{Module: "Net::HTTP", InstalledInto: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4", Version: "6.24"},
+	}, parsePerllocal(strings.NewReader(pod)))
+}
+
+func Test_parsePerllocal_degrades(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		contents string
+	}{
+		{name: "empty", contents: ""},
+		{name: "no module stanzas", contents: "=head0 L<Perl documentation|perl>\n"},
+		// a stanza body with no C<Module> heading before it has nothing to attach to
+		{name: "orphaned body", contents: "=item *\n\nC<VERSION: 1.00>\n"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Empty(t, parsePerllocal(strings.NewReader(tt.contents)))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_perllocalVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	pods := []perllocalPod{
+		{
+			location: file.NewLocation("/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/aarch64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod"),
+			entries: []perllocalEntry{
+				{Module: "Net::HTTP", InstalledInto: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4", Version: "6.24"},
+				// the file is append-only, so an upgrade leaves the earlier stanza in place forever
+				{Module: "Text::CSV", InstalledInto: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4", Version: "2.02"},
+				{Module: "Text::CSV", InstalledInto: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4", Version: "2.06"},
+				// a stanza whose libdir belongs to another install tree entirely
+				{Module: "JSON::PP", InstalledInto: "/opt/perl-5.36.0/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.36.0", Version: "2.27300"},
+				// an INSTALL_BASE install and a local::lib nested inside it both prefix-match one packlist
+				{Module: "Try::Tiny", InstalledInto: "/opt/app/lib/perl5", Version: "0.30"},
+				{Module: "Try::Tiny", InstalledInto: "/opt/app/lib/perl5/local", Version: "0.32"},
+				{Module: "Carp", InstalledInto: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		dashedName   string
+		packlistPath string
+		want         string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:         "module name dashes to the packlist name",
+			dashedName:   "Net-HTTP",
+			packlistPath: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/aarch64-linux-gnu/auto/Net/HTTP/.packlist",
+			want:         "6.24",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "the last stanza wins over a stale one",
+			dashedName:   "Text-CSV",
+			packlistPath: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/aarch64-linux-gnu/auto/Text/CSV/.packlist",
+			want:         "2.06",
+		},
+		{
+			// without the libdir rule the other perl's version would silently win, which is worse than
+			// reporting no version at all
+			name:         "a stanza from another install tree is not used",
+			dashedName:   "JSON-PP",
+			packlistPath: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/aarch64-linux-gnu/auto/JSON/PP/.packlist",
+			want:         "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "the longest matching libdir wins",
+			dashedName:   "Try-Tiny",
+			packlistPath: "/opt/app/lib/perl5/local/aarch64-linux-gnu/auto/Try/Tiny/.packlist",
+			want:         "0.32",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "the outer libdir still matches its own packlist",
+			dashedName:   "Try-Tiny",
+			packlistPath: "/opt/app/lib/perl5/aarch64-linux-gnu/auto/Try/Tiny/.packlist",
+			want:         "0.30",
+		},
+		{
+			// a directory scan reports paths relative to its root while perllocal records absolute libdirs
+			name:         "relative packlist path from a directory scan",
+			dashedName:   "Net-HTTP",
+			packlistPath: "usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/aarch64-linux-gnu/auto/Net/HTTP/.packlist",
+			want:         "6.24",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "no stanza for this distribution",
+			dashedName:   "IO-Socket-SSL",
+			packlistPath: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/aarch64-linux-gnu/auto/IO/Socket/SSL/.packlist",
+			want:         "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "a stanza with no VERSION is not a match",
+			dashedName:   "Carp",
+			packlistPath: "/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/aarch64-linux-gnu/auto/Carp/.packlist",
+			want:         "",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			version, evidence := perllocalVersion(pods, tt.dashedName, tt.packlistPath)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, version)
+			if tt.want == "" {
+				assert.Nil(t, evidence)
+				return
+			}
+			require.NotNil(t, evidence)
+			assert.Equal(t, "/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/aarch64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod", evidence.Path())
+		})
+	}
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/processor.go

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"path"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/artifact"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg/cataloger/internal/dependency"
+)
+
+// mergeDistributions collapses the two kinds of installed evidence into one package per installed
+// distribution. A distribution installed by cpanm has both an install.json and a .packlist.
+//
+// Pairing is scoped to one install tree, so two installs of the same distribution and version into
+// separate trees stay two packages. A scan target can hold more than one project tree, and preserving
+// that there are two trees is the point: collapsing them asserts one installed thing where there are
+// two and loses which tree each belongs to. Multiple projects in one scan target are treated the same
+// way elsewhere.
+//
+// (name, version) alone is not enough to pair them either. A packlist lives at auto/<Module>/.packlist, so its
+// name is derived from a MODULE path, while install.json yields the distribution: libwww-perl's packlist
+// is auto/LWP/.packlist and produces "LWP" against the distribution "libwww-perl". Those never collide,
+// so pairing also consults the `provides` module map, which lists LWP under libwww-perl. Without that
+// step every distribution whose main module is named differently from the distribution produces two
+// packages, one with the right name and no version and one with the wrong name and the right version,
+// and neither one matches an advisory.
+func mergeDistributions(pkgs []pkg.Package, rels []artifact.Relationship, err error) ([]pkg.Package, []artifact.Relationship, error) {
+	if len(pkgs) < 2 {
+		return pkgs, rels, err
+	}
+
+	var merged []pkg.Package
+	indexByKey := make(map[string]int)
+
+	// install.json evidence is placed first so that the module index is complete before any packlist
+	// package needs to resolve against it, independent of the order the parsers ran in
+	ordered := make([]pkg.Package, 0, len(pkgs))
+	for _, p := range pkgs {
+		if fromInstallJSON(p) {
+			ordered = append(ordered, p)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, p := range pkgs {
+		if !fromInstallJSON(p) {
+			ordered = append(ordered, p)
+		}
+	}
+
+	indexByModule := make(map[string]int)
+
+	for _, p := range ordered {
+		tree := installTree(p)
+		key := tree + "|" + p.Name + "@" + p.Version
+		if idx, exists := indexByKey[key]; exists {
+			merged[idx] = mergeInto(merged[idx], p)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// a packlist package names a module, so fold it into whichever distribution in the same tree
+		// provides it. The version must still agree, or be unreadable: a packlist and an install.json
+		// in one tree that disagree describe one install that overwrote another's files, and merging
+		// them would report a single version and hide the other.
+		if !fromInstallJSON(p) {
+			if idx, exists := indexByModule[tree+"|"+moduleFromDashedName(p.Name)]; exists &&
+				(p.Version == "" || p.Version == merged[idx].Version) {
+				merged[idx] = mergeInto(merged[idx], p)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		indexByKey[key] = len(merged)
+		for _, m := range providedModules(p) {
+			// first distribution to claim a module wins; duplicate claims are not expected and
+			// silently reassigning would make the result order dependent
+			if _, taken := indexByModule[tree+"|"+m]; !taken {
+				indexByModule[tree+"|"+m] = len(merged)
+			}
+		}
+		merged = append(merged, p)
+	}
+
+	// locations and metadata drive the package ID, and both may have changed
+	for i := range merged {
+		merged[i].SetID()
+	}
+
+	return merged, rels, err
+}
+
+// installTree returns the library tree the package's own evidence was found in: the directory holding
+// the .meta or auto directory the file sits under. Both kinds of evidence for one install land there,
+// in sibling directories rather than the same one, so
+// /opt/app/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/.meta/Text-CSV-2.06/install.json and
+// /opt/app/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu/auto/Text/CSV/.packlist both yield
+// /opt/app/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux-gnu and still pair.
+//
+// The owned-file list cannot stand in for this: ExtUtils::Packlist merges an existing packlist for the
+// same module when it writes a new one, so a local-lib install's packlist legitimately claims files
+// living outside its own prefix.
+func installTree(p pkg.Package) string {
+	for _, location := range p.Locations.ToSlice() {
+		if tree := libRoot(location.Path()); tree != "" {
+			return tree
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// libRoot cuts a path at the last auto/ or .meta/ segment, which is where a lib tree ends and the
+// installer's own bookkeeping begins. A path with neither, such as a perllocal.pod or a scraped .pm,
+// yields "": those are supporting evidence and never the only location a package has.
+func libRoot(p string) string {
+	parts := strings.Split(p, "/")
+	for i := len(parts) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
+		if parts[i] == "auto" || parts[i] == ".meta" {
+			return strings.Join(parts[:i], "/")
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// moduleFromDashedName converts a packlist-derived name back into the module it came from, since
+// auto/IO/Socket/SSL/.packlist flattens IO::Socket::SSL into IO-Socket-SSL.
+func moduleFromDashedName(name string) string {
+	return strings.ReplaceAll(name, "-", "::")
+}
+
+// mergeInto keeps the install.json-derived package, which is the higher fidelity of the two, and folds
+// the other's evidence into it.
+func mergeInto(a, b pkg.Package) pkg.Package {
+	winner, loser := a, b
+	if !fromInstallJSON(a) && fromInstallJSON(b) {
+		winner, loser = b, a
+	}
+
+	locations := file.NewLocationSet(winner.Locations.ToSlice()...)
+	locations.Add(loser.Locations.ToSlice()...)
+	winner.Locations = locations
+
+	licenses := pkg.NewLicenseSet(winner.Licenses.ToSlice()...)
+	licenses.Add(loser.Licenses.ToSlice()...)
+	winner.Licenses = licenses
+
+	// the file list only ever comes from a packlist, so the install.json winner has to take the loser's or
+	// the merged package would own nothing. OwnedFiles dedupes, which covers a distribution that merged
+	// more than one packlist.
+	from, fromOK := loser.Metadata.(pkg.CpanDistribution)
+	into, intoOK := winner.Metadata.(pkg.CpanDistribution)
+	if fromOK && intoOK && len(from.Files) > 0 {
+		into.Files = append(into.Files, from.Files...)
+		winner.Metadata = into
+	}
+
+	return winner
+}
+
+// fromInstallJSON reports whether a package was built from an install.json rather than from a
+// .packlist. MainModule is only ever set by the packlist parser, so its absence is the direct signal.
+func fromInstallJSON(p pkg.Package) bool {
+	md, ok := p.Metadata.(pkg.CpanDistribution)
+	return ok && md.MainModule == ""
+}
+
+// resolveDependencies turns MYMETA.json prereqs into relationships. Prereqs name modules while packages
+// are keyed by distribution, so each prereq is looked up in the provides map of the cataloged set. A
+// prereq that resolves to nothing (a core module such as Carp, strict, or perl, or a distribution that
+// simply is not installed) is dropped rather than turned into a placeholder package.
+func resolveDependencies(_ context.Context, resolver file.Resolver, pkgs []pkg.Package, rels []artifact.Relationship, err error) ([]pkg.Package, []artifact.Relationship, error) {
+	if resolver == nil || len(pkgs) == 0 {
+		return pkgs, rels, err
+	}
+
+	requires := make(map[artifact.ID][]string)
+	for i := range pkgs {
+		if pkgs[i].ID() == "" {
+			pkgs[i].SetID()
+		}
+		requires[pkgs[i].ID()] = prereqModules(resolver, pkgs[i])
+	}
+
+	specifier := func(p pkg.Package) dependency.Specification {
+		return dependency.Specification{
+			ProvidesRequires: dependency.ProvidesRequires{
+				Provides: providedModules(p),
+				Requires: requires[p.ID()],
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	return pkgs, append(rels, dependency.Resolve(specifier, pkgs)...), err
+}
+
+func providedModules(p pkg.Package) []string {
+	md, ok := p.Metadata.(pkg.CpanDistribution)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	modules := make([]string, 0, len(md.Modules))
+	for _, m := range md.Modules {
+		modules = append(modules, m.Name)
+	}
+
+	return modules
+}
+
+// prereqModules re-reads the MYMETA.json already recorded as evidence on the package. It is read a
+// second time (the parser reads it for licenses) rather than carried on the package, since prereqs
+// belong in relationships and not in the metadata struct.
+func prereqModules(resolver file.Resolver, p pkg.Package) []string {
+	for _, location := range p.Locations.ToSlice() {
+		if path.Base(location.Path()) != "MYMETA.json" {
+			continue
+		}
+		m, err := decodeMeta(resolver, location)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		return m.prereqModules()
+	}
+	return nil
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/processor_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package perl
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/file"
+	"github.com/anchore/syft/syft/pkg"
+)
+
+func Test_mergeDistributions(t *testing.T) {
+	fromInstallJSON := newCpanPackage("URI", "5.35", "OALDERS",
+		pkg.CpanDistribution{
+			Dist:    "URI-5.35",
+			Author:  "OALDERS",
+			Path:    "O/OA/OALDERS/URI-5.35.tar.gz",
+			Modules: []pkg.CpanModule{{Name: "URI", Version: "5.35"}},
+		},
+		[]pkg.License{pkg.NewLicenseWithContext(context.Background(), "perl_5")},
+		file.NewLocation("/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/.meta/URI-5.35/install.json"),
+	)
+
+	fromPacklist := newCpanPackage("URI", "5.35", "", pkg.CpanDistribution{MainModule: "URI"}, nil,
+		file.NewLocation("/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/auto/URI/.packlist"),
+	)
+
+	otherVersion := newCpanPackage("URI", "5.34", "", pkg.CpanDistribution{MainModule: "URI"}, nil,
+		file.NewLocation("/opt/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux/auto/URI/.packlist"),
+	)
+
+	// the packlist arriving first must not change which package wins
+	for _, order := range [][]pkg.Package{
+		{fromInstallJSON, fromPacklist, otherVersion},
+		{fromPacklist, fromInstallJSON, otherVersion},
+	} {
+		merged, _, err := mergeDistributions(order, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Len(t, merged, 2)
+
+		uri := merged[0]
+		assert.Equal(t, "5.35", uri.Version)
+		assert.Equal(t, "pkg:cpan/URI@5.35?author=OALDERS", uri.PURL)
+		assert.Equal(t, "OALDERS", uri.Metadata.(pkg.CpanDistribution).Author)
+		assert.Len(t, uri.Licenses.ToSlice(), 1)
+		assert.Len(t, uri.Locations.ToSlice(), 2, "the packlist should be kept as additional evidence")
+
+		// a different version of the same distribution is a different package
+		assert.Equal(t, "5.34", merged[1].Version)
+	}
+}
+
+// a packlist lives at auto/<Module>/.packlist, so for any distribution whose main module is named
+// differently from the distribution the two kinds of evidence never share a (name, version) key.
+// libwww-perl is the canonical case: auto/LWP/.packlist against the distribution libwww-perl.
+func Test_mergeDistributions_packlistNamedAfterModule(t *testing.T) {
+	fromInstallJSON := newCpanPackage("libwww-perl", "5.836", "GAAS",
+		pkg.CpanDistribution{
+			Dist:    "libwww-perl-5.836",
+			Author:  "GAAS",
+			Path:    "G/GA/GAAS/libwww-perl-5.836.tar.gz",
+			Modules: []pkg.CpanModule{{Name: "LWP", Version: "5.836"}, {Name: "LWP::UserAgent", Version: "5.834"}},
+		},
+		nil,
+		file.NewLocation("/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/.meta/libwww-perl-5.836/install.json"),
+	)
+
+	fromPacklist := newCpanPackage("LWP", "5.836", "", pkg.CpanDistribution{MainModule: "LWP"}, nil,
+		file.NewLocation("/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/auto/LWP/.packlist"),
+	)
+
+	// a packlist whose version could not be read still belongs to the distribution providing it
+	versionless := newCpanPackage("LWP-UserAgent", "", "", pkg.CpanDistribution{MainModule: "LWP::UserAgent"}, nil,
+		file.NewLocation("/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/x86_64-linux/auto/LWP/UserAgent/.packlist"),
+	)
+
+	// the same module installed into a second lib tree is a second install, and the module index is
+	// scoped to a tree so that it cannot be claimed by the distribution in the first one
+	otherTree := newCpanPackage("LWP", "5.836", "", pkg.CpanDistribution{MainModule: "LWP"}, nil,
+		file.NewLocation("/opt/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux/auto/LWP/.packlist"),
+	)
+
+	for _, order := range [][]pkg.Package{
+		{fromInstallJSON, fromPacklist, versionless, otherTree},
+		{otherTree, versionless, fromPacklist, fromInstallJSON},
+	} {
+		merged, _, err := mergeDistributions(order, nil, nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Len(t, merged, 2, "the same tree's module-named packlists belong to libwww-perl, the other tree's does not")
+
+		assert.Equal(t, "libwww-perl", merged[0].Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, "pkg:cpan/libwww-perl@5.836?author=GAAS", merged[0].PURL)
+		assert.Len(t, merged[0].Locations.ToSlice(), 3)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, "LWP", merged[1].Name)
+		assert.Equal(t, []string{"/opt/lib/perl5/x86_64-linux/auto/LWP/.packlist"}, realPaths(merged[1]))
+	}
+}

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/testdata/image-cpan-build-leftovers/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# an image that installed distributions and did not clean up after itself, which is the ordinary
+# state of anything built with a CPAN client: cpanm leaves ~/.cpanm/work and CPAN.pm leaves
+# ~/.cpan/build, neither by choice of the user. Both leftovers genuinely are unpacked release
+# tarballs, MANIFEST included, so nothing about their contents disqualifies them and they have to be
+# excluded on the path.
+#
+# A release deliberately unpacked outside any build directory sits beside the installed copy of the
+# same distribution and version, so the same image shows both halves of the path rule: the leftover
+# is skipped and the vendored tree is not.
+#
+# The digest is perl:5.40-slim's linux/amd64 manifest; see image-cpan-mirror-installs/Dockerfile.
+FROM perl:5.40-slim@sha256:af886c2fe0170cdf0bd83fa8254c7a55da227d5f20988a2e96c836646f96aa7a AS builder
+
+# cpanm, mirror-resolved so these carry install.json, and pinned by PAUSE path so the versions do
+# not drift. The unpacked build trees are left in /root/.cpanm/work.
+RUN cpanm --notest \
+      R/RE/REHSACK/MIME-Base32-1.303.tar.gz \
+      O/OA/OALDERS/URI-5.35.tar.gz
+
+# CPAN.pm, which writes no .meta and leaves its build tree in /root/.cpan/build under a
+# randomly suffixed directory
+RUN PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1 cpan -T -i P/PE/PETDANCE/HTML-Tagset-3.24.tar.gz
+
+# the same release, unpacked somewhere a user would keep it on purpose. Nothing pairs this with the
+# installed copy: the two come from different catalogers, and two packages found at different
+# locations can never share a package ID.
+RUN mkdir -p /opt/vendor \
+ && curl -sSfL https://backpan.perl.org/authors/id/P/PE/PETDANCE/HTML-Tagset-3.24.tar.gz \
+    | tar xz -C /opt/vendor
+
+# the clients' download caches under ~/.cpanm/sources and ~/.cpan/sources are not evidence of
+# anything and are the bulk of the bytes, so only the unpacked build trees come along
+RUN mkdir -p /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu /out/root/.cpanm /out/root/.cpan /out/opt \
+ && cp -a /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl \
+ && cp -a /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod \
+          /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.packlist \
+          /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/ \
+ && cp -a /root/.cpanm/work /out/root/.cpanm/work \
+ && cp -a /root/.cpan/build /out/root/.cpan/build \
+ && cp -a /opt/vendor /out/opt/vendor
+
+FROM scratch
+
+COPY --from=builder /out/ /

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/testdata/image-cpan-mirror-installs/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# mirror-resolved CPAN client installs: cpanm, cpm and carton. This is the only case where an
+# install.json is written, so it is also the only image carrying MYMETA.json and a `provides` map.
+#
+# The digest is perl:5.40-slim's linux/amd64 manifest rather than its index, which pins the
+# architecture as well as the contents: perl's lib layout embeds the arch name
+# (.../5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/), so a build on an arm host would move every path under test.
+FROM perl:5.40-slim@sha256:af886c2fe0170cdf0bd83fa8254c7a55da227d5f20988a2e96c836646f96aa7a AS builder
+
+# Clone and HTML::Parser are XS and the slim image ships no compiler
+RUN apt-get update \
+ && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gcc libc6-dev \
+ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# cpm and carton go into a throwaway prefix: their own dependency trees are large and are not under
+# test, and nothing from /tools reaches the final image
+RUN cpanm --notest --quiet -L /tools App::cpm Carton
+
+# cpanm, site install of libwww-perl and its whole dependency closure.
+#
+# LWP is the module name; the distribution is libwww-perl, so this is the name mismatch that makes
+# install.json's `name` field unusable as a package name, and it installs to auto/LWP/.packlist
+# rather than auto/libwww-perl/. The closure comes along on purpose: it is what gives the image real
+# MYMETA.json prereqs to resolve into relationships.
+#
+# Every distribution is named by its PAUSE path, which is what pins the version. A bare module name
+# resolves to whatever the index says today, so the closure would drift the moment any of these
+# authors releases again. cpanm still treats a PAUSE path as a mirror resolution, so install.json is
+# written for all of them, which a URL or a local tarball would not do. Dependencies come first so
+# that nothing in the list is ever satisfied by an unpinned fetch.
+RUN cpanm --notest \
+      E/ET/ETHER/Try-Tiny-0.32.tar.gz \
+      A/AT/ATOOMIC/Clone-0.50.tar.gz \
+      G/GA/GAAS/Encode-Locale-1.05.tar.gz \
+      P/PE/PETDANCE/HTML-Tagset-3.24.tar.gz \
+      C/CJ/CJM/IO-HTML-1.004.tar.gz \
+      O/OA/OALDERS/LWP-MediaTypes-6.04.tar.gz \
+      R/RE/REHSACK/MIME-Base32-1.303.tar.gz \
+      A/AT/ATOOMIC/TimeDate-2.35.tar.gz \
+      O/OA/OALDERS/URI-5.35.tar.gz \
+      O/OA/OALDERS/HTTP-Date-6.08.tar.gz \
+      O/OA/OALDERS/HTTP-Message-7.04.tar.gz \
+      O/OA/OALDERS/HTML-Parser-3.85.tar.gz \
+      P/PL/PLICEASE/File-Listing-6.16.tar.gz \
+      O/OA/OALDERS/HTTP-Cookies-6.12.tar.gz \
+      G/GA/GAAS/HTTP-Negotiate-6.01.tar.gz \
+      O/OA/OALDERS/Net-HTTP-6.24.tar.gz \
+      O/OA/OALDERS/WWW-RobotRules-6.03.tar.gz \
+      O/OA/OALDERS/libwww-perl-6.83.tar.gz
+
+# a distribution installed the way distro packagers do it: install.json and no packlist at all.
+# NO_PACKLIST and NO_PERLLOCAL are ExtUtils::MakeMaker knobs, so this has to be an EUMM
+# distribution; a Module::Build::Tiny one would ignore both and write its packlist anyway.
+RUN PERL_MM_OPT="NO_PACKLIST=1 NO_PERLLOCAL=1" cpanm --notest I/IS/ISHIGAKI/JSON-PP-4.16.tar.gz
+
+# carton, writing local/lib/perl5 beside the cpanfile it read. The cpanfile and cpanfile.snapshot
+# are deliberately left in place and deliberately not parsed by the cataloger.
+RUN mkdir -p /app \
+ && printf "requires 'Text::CSV', '== 2.06';\n" > /app/cpanfile \
+ && cd /app \
+ && PERL5LIB=/tools/lib/perl5 PATH=/tools/bin:$PATH carton install
+
+# cpm, into an arbitrary prefix. cpm serializes install.json differently from cpanm (canonical JSON,
+# three-space indent, spaces around the colons, trailing newline) and that difference is under test.
+RUN PERL5LIB=/tools/lib/perl5 /tools/bin/cpm install -L /srv/api/local --no-test 'Capture::Tiny@0.48'
+
+# a path a packlist claims and the filesystem lacks is what an overwritten or removed file looks
+# like, and the owned-file list is expected to report it anyway
+RUN rm /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.40.4/IO/Socket/SSL/Utils.pm
+
+# assemble only what the catalogers read: the site_perl tree, the core arch directory's
+# perllocal.pod and packlist, and the two local-lib trees. The rest of the core lib tree is tens of
+# megabytes of interpreter that carries no CPAN evidence.
+RUN mkdir -p /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu \
+ && cp -a /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl \
+ && cp -a /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod \
+          /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.packlist \
+          /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/ \
+ && mkdir -p /out/app /out/srv/api \
+ && cp -a /app/cpanfile /app/cpanfile.snapshot /app/local /out/app/ \
+ && cp -a /srv/api/local /out/srv/api/local
+
+FROM scratch
+
+COPY --from=builder /out/ /

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/testdata/image-cpan-packlist-only/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# installs that leave a .packlist and no install.json, which is the majority of real Perl images and
+# where the interesting failures live: the distribution name has to come out of the auto/ path and
+# the version out of perllocal.pod or the installed .pm.
+#
+# Four real installers are exercised, none of which writes a .meta directory:
+#
+#   - ExtUtils::MakeMaker run directly (perl Makefile.PL && make install), which is what distro
+#     packagers and vendored builds do. It resolves no dependencies at all.
+#   - cpanm against a local tarball. cpanm's save_meta returns early unless the distribution was
+#     resolved from a mirror, so a local source writes no install.json.
+#   - CPAN.pm, which never writes a .meta directory in any circumstance.
+#   - an EUMM install with NO_PERLLOCAL, which is the case that forces the version to be scraped out
+#     of the installed .pm.
+#
+# Old versions are pinned and pinned versions come from backpan: the mirrors drop them and answer
+# with an HTML 404 body, which only fails later as "gzip: stdin: not in gzip format".
+#
+# The digest is perl:5.40-slim's linux/amd64 manifest; see image-cpan-mirror-installs/Dockerfile.
+FROM perl:5.40-slim@sha256:af886c2fe0170cdf0bd83fa8254c7a55da227d5f20988a2e96c836646f96aa7a AS builder
+
+# Encode is XS and the slim image ships no compiler
+RUN apt-get update \
+ && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gcc libc6-dev \
+ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+WORKDIR /tarballs
+RUN curl -sSfLO https://backpan.perl.org/authors/id/G/GA/GAAS/libwww-perl-5.836.tar.gz \
+ && curl -sSfLO https://backpan.perl.org/authors/id/I/IS/ISHIGAKI/Text-CSV-2.02.tar.gz \
+ && curl -sSfLO https://backpan.perl.org/authors/id/I/IS/ISHIGAKI/Text-CSV-2.06.tar.gz \
+ && curl -sSfLO https://backpan.perl.org/authors/id/I/IS/ISHIGAKI/JSON-PP-4.16.tar.gz
+
+# ExtUtils::MakeMaker, run by hand. libwww-perl's EUMM NAME is LWP, so the packlist lands at
+# auto/LWP/.packlist and the distribution is only ever recoverable as "LWP" from an installed tree.
+# EUMM installs no prerequisites and only warns about the missing ones, which is what keeps this
+# image free of the mirror-resolved records those would have written.
+RUN tar xzf libwww-perl-5.836.tar.gz \
+ && cd libwww-perl-5.836 \
+ && perl Makefile.PL \
+ && make \
+ && make install
+
+# cpanm from a local tarball, twice, upgrading in place. perllocal.pod is append-only, so 2.02's
+# stanza stays beside 2.06's forever and the later one has to win.
+RUN cpanm --notest ./Text-CSV-2.02.tar.gz \
+ && cpanm --notest ./Text-CSV-2.06.tar.gz
+
+# a packlist with no perllocal.pod stanza at all, which is what NO_PERLLOCAL leaves and what
+# Module::Build::Tiny produces by default. The version can then only come from the installed .pm.
+RUN PERL_MM_OPT="NO_PERLLOCAL=1" cpanm --notest ./JSON-PP-4.16.tar.gz
+
+# CPAN.pm. Encode's $VERSION is declared bare and computed with sprintf from an RCS Revision keyword
+# inside a BEGIN block, so no static read of Encode.pm can recover it; only perllocal.pod, which
+# records what EUMM evaluated at build time, has the value.
+RUN PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1 cpan -T -i D/DA/DANKOGAI/Encode-3.24.tar.gz
+
+# guard the premise of the whole image rather than trusting it
+RUN if find /usr/local/lib/perl5 -name install.json | grep -q .; then \
+      echo "an install.json was written; this image is supposed to have none"; exit 1; \
+    fi
+
+RUN mkdir -p /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu \
+ && cp -a /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl \
+ && cp -a /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod \
+          /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.packlist \
+          /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/
+
+FROM scratch
+
+COPY --from=builder /out/ /

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/testdata/image-cpan-two-install-trees/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# two perl lib trees on one image, each with its own perllocal.pod naming the same module at a
+# different version. Picking the stanza from the wrong tree would be silent, and both installed .pm
+# files are the real ones, so scraping cannot cover for it: each tree would be reported at the
+# other's version.
+#
+# Both JSON-PP installs come from local tarballs, so neither writes an install.json and the version
+# can only come from perllocal.pod. A second full perl is not needed; a local-lib prefix reproduces
+# the same ambiguity, because cpanm -L writes a perllocal.pod into the prefix's own arch directory.
+#
+# The image also carries one distribution installed into both trees at the same version, from a
+# mirror, so that both trees hold an install.json agreeing on name and version. Those two records
+# describe two installed things and are only distinguishable by the tree they landed in.
+#
+# The digest is perl:5.40-slim's linux/amd64 manifest; see image-cpan-mirror-installs/Dockerfile.
+FROM perl:5.40-slim@sha256:af886c2fe0170cdf0bd83fa8254c7a55da227d5f20988a2e96c836646f96aa7a AS builder
+
+WORKDIR /tarballs
+RUN curl -sSfLO https://backpan.perl.org/authors/id/M/MA/MAKAMAKA/JSON-PP-2.27300.tar.gz \
+ && curl -sSfLO https://backpan.perl.org/authors/id/I/IS/ISHIGAKI/JSON-PP-4.16.tar.gz
+
+# the site install. 4.16 declares `our $VERSION = '4.16';`, which is scrapable, so this tree is the
+# one where perllocal.pod and the .pm agree.
+RUN cpanm --notest ./JSON-PP-4.16.tar.gz
+
+# the second tree. 2.27300 declares the fully qualified `$JSON::PP::VERSION = '2.27300';` form that
+# older Dist::Zilla wrote.
+RUN cpanm --notest -L /opt/app ./JSON-PP-2.27300.tar.gz
+
+# the same distribution and version into both trees. Resolving from a mirror is what makes cpanm
+# write an install.json, and the PAUSE path pins the version the way a bare module name would not.
+# Text-CSV is pure perl and pulls in nothing that is not core, so this needs no compiler and adds no
+# unpinned fetch.
+RUN cpanm --notest I/IS/ISHIGAKI/Text-CSV-2.06.tar.gz \
+ && cpanm --notest -L /opt/app I/IS/ISHIGAKI/Text-CSV-2.06.tar.gz
+
+RUN mkdir -p /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu \
+ && cp -a /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl \
+ && cp -a /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/perllocal.pod \
+          /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/.packlist \
+          /out/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu/ \
+ && mkdir -p /out/opt \
+ && cp -a /opt/app /out/opt/app
+
+FROM scratch
+
+COPY --from=builder /out/ /

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/testdata/image-cpan-unpacked-releases/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# release tarballs unpacked but never installed, plus a source repository working tree. Nothing here
+# has a packlist or an install.json, so the whole image is meta-file evidence.
+#
+# Versions are pinned, and pinned versions have to come from backpan: the mirrors drop old releases
+# and answer with an HTML 404 that only fails later, at the point of untarring.
+#
+# The digest is perl:5.40-slim's linux/amd64 manifest rather than its index, so every image in this
+# directory is built from the same architecture; see image-cpan-mirror-installs/Dockerfile.
+FROM perl:5.40-slim@sha256:af886c2fe0170cdf0bd83fa8254c7a55da227d5f20988a2e96c836646f96aa7a AS builder
+
+WORKDIR /opt/releases
+
+# a Dist::Zilla release: it ships dist.ini inside the tarball, and MANIFEST lists it, so a dist.ini
+# beside a META.json says nothing about whether this is a release or a checkout. It also ships both
+# META.json and META.yml, which is the ordinary case for dzil and where META.json has to win.
+RUN curl -sSfL https://backpan.perl.org/authors/id/E/ET/ETHER/Try-Tiny-0.32.tar.gz | tar xz
+
+# CPAN Meta Spec 1.4, which is all that roughly 43% of current releases ship. Genuine
+# ExtUtils::MakeMaker 6.56 output: license is a bare string rather than an array, version is an
+# unquoted number, and there is no provides block because EUMM does not generate one.
+RUN curl -sSfL https://backpan.perl.org/authors/id/M/MA/MAKAMAKA/Text-CSV-1.21.tar.gz | tar xz
+
+# a META.yml no strict YAML parser accepts: EUMM wrote this distribution's multi-line ABSTRACT
+# straight into `abstract:` with no quoting and no block scalar, so the continuation lines land at
+# column zero. This has to skip the directory rather than fail the scan.
+RUN curl -sSfL https://backpan.perl.org/authors/id/L/LE/LEMBARK/Parallel-Depend-4.10.tar.gz | tar xz
+
+# a source repository working tree, pinned to one commit. Its committed META.json records the last
+# release at 6.83 while lib/LWP.pm on the same commit says 6.84, which is why a committed META.json
+# cannot be trusted for version. There is no MANIFEST, because Dist::Zilla generates it at build
+# time, and that absence is the only thing separating this from a release.
+#
+# This is GitHub's tarball of the commit rather than a clone: it is the same working tree, it needs
+# no git in the image, and it leaves no .git directory to prune.
+RUN mkdir -p /src \
+ && curl -sSfL https://codeload.github.com/libwww-perl/libwww-perl/tar.gz/65c6384c3d9e8a4f88a7fbe84307895dc78ccceb \
+    | tar xz -C /src \
+ && mv /src/libwww-perl-* /src/libwww-perl
+
+FROM scratch
+
+COPY --from=builder /opt/releases /opt/releases
+COPY --from=builder /src/libwww-perl /src/libwww-perl

syft/pkg/cataloger/perl/testdata/image-perl-core-only/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# a perl with no CPAN installs at all, which pins the zero coverage of distributions bundled inside
+# the interpreter. site_perl is dropped entirely, so what is left is the core lib tree: Encode and
+# Storable sit in it, the only packlist is perl's own and has no auto/ segment, and there is no
+# .meta and no distro package. Nothing here carries a core distribution's version.
+#
+# perllocal.pod comes along even though it names the distributions the base image preinstalled,
+# because a perllocal.pod stanza on its own must not invent a package. Storable.pm does declare a
+# readable $VERSION, so the interesting half is that no package is made out of it either.
+#
+# The digest is perl:5.40-slim's linux/amd64 manifest; see image-cpan-mirror-installs/Dockerfile.
+FROM perl:5.40-slim@sha256:af886c2fe0170cdf0bd83fa8254c7a55da227d5f20988a2e96c836646f96aa7a AS builder
+
+# the whole core lib tree is tens of megabytes of interpreter, so this takes the two dual-life
+# distributions under discussion, their shared libraries, and the two files the catalogers look for
+RUN O=/out/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu \
+ && mkdir -p $O/auto/Encode $O/auto/Storable \
+ && cd /usr/local/lib/perl5/5.40.4/x86_64-linux-gnu \
+ && cp -a Encode.pm Storable.pm perllocal.pod .packlist $O/ \
+ && cp -a auto/Encode/Encode.so $O/auto/Encode/ \
+ && cp -a auto/Storable/Storable.so $O/auto/Storable/
+
+FROM scratch
+
+COPY --from=builder /out/ /

syft/pkg/language.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ const (
 	JavaScript      Language = "javascript"
 	Lua             Language = "lua"
 	OCaml           Language = "ocaml"
+	Perl            Language = "perl"
 	PHP             Language = "php"
 	Python          Language = "python"
 	R               Language = "R"
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ var AllLanguages = []Language{
 	JavaScript,
 	Lua,
 	OCaml,
+	Perl,
 	PHP,
 	Python,
 	R,
@@ -80,6 +82,9 @@ func LanguageByName(name string) Language {
 		return JavaScript
 	case packageurl.TypeLuaRocks, string(Lua):
 		return Lua
+	// note: packageurl.TypeCpan and CpanPkg are the same string, so only one can be listed here
+	case packageurl.TypeCpan, string(Perl):
+		return Perl
 	case packageurl.TypePyPi, string(Python):
 		return Python
 	case packageurl.TypeGem, string(Ruby):

syft/pkg/language_test.go

@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@ func TestLanguageFromPURL(t *testing.T) {
 			purl: "pkg:opam/ocaml-base-compiler@5.2.0",
 			want: OCaml,
 		},
+		{
+			purl: "pkg:cpan/URI@5.35?author=OALDERS",
+			want: Perl,
+		},
 	}
 
 	var languages = strset.New()

syft/pkg/perl.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package pkg
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/scylladb/go-set/strset"
+)
+
+// CpanDistribution describes a CPAN distribution installed on disk, as recorded by a CPAN client's
+// install.json and by the .packlist an installer wrote. There is deliberately no name or version
+// field: both would be verbatim copies of the package name and version. Licenses live on the package
+// and dependencies live in relationships.
+type CpanDistribution struct {
+	// Dist is the distvname install.json recorded (e.g. URI-5.35), the raw value the package name and
+	// version were recovered from
+	Dist string `json:"dist,omitempty"`
+
+	// MainModule is the module name recovered from the .packlist path (e.g. LWP for libwww-perl).
+	// Empty when the name came from install.json, which is authoritative. Set, it means the name is the
+	// installer's NAME and may not be the distribution name.
+	MainModule string `json:"mainModule,omitempty"`
+
+	// Author is the PAUSE ID of the distribution author (e.g. OALDERS), parsed out of Path
+	Author string `json:"author,omitempty"`
+
+	// Path is the raw PAUSE path of the release archive (e.g. O/OA/OALDERS/URI-5.35.tar.gz)
+	Path string `json:"path,omitempty"`
+
+	// Modules are the modules this distribution provides, sorted by name
+	Modules []CpanModule `json:"modules,omitempty"`
+
+	// Files are the paths the .packlist recorded as installed by this distribution, kept in the
+	// packlist's own order and unfiltered: a path the packlist claims and the filesystem lacks means the
+	// file was removed or overwritten out from under the installer, which is signal rather than noise
+	Files []string `json:"files,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// OwnedFiles satisfies pkg.FileOwner, so a distribution that installed files a distro package also
+// owns is related to it by file ownership rather than reported as an unrelated duplicate.
+func (m CpanDistribution) OwnedFiles() (result []string) {
+	result = strset.New(m.Files...).List()
+	sort.Strings(result)
+	return
+}
+
+// CpanUnpackedRelease describes an unpacked CPAN release found on disk, read from the release's own
+// META.json or META.yml. Weaker evidence than an installed distribution: the code is present but
+// nothing says the interpreter can load it. It has no PAUSE path, so it has no author.
+type CpanUnpackedRelease struct {
+	// Modules are the modules the release declares it provides, sorted by name
+	Modules []CpanModule `json:"modules,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// CpanModule is a single perl module provided by a CPAN distribution. Shared by both types above.
+type CpanModule struct {
+	// Name is the module name as it would be used in a perl `use` statement (e.g. URI::Escape)
+	Name string `json:"name"`
+
+	// Version is the module version, which may differ from the distribution version
+	Version string `json:"version,omitempty"`
+}

syft/pkg/perl_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package pkg
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCpanDistribution_OwnedFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		metadata CpanDistribution
+		expected []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "sorted and deduplicated",
+			metadata: CpanDistribution{
+				// a distribution that merged more than one packlist can claim the same path twice
+				Files: []string{"/lib/URI.pm", "/lib/URI/Escape.pm", "/lib/URI.pm"},
+			},
+			expected: []string{"/lib/URI.pm", "/lib/URI/Escape.pm"},
+		},
+		{
+			// this is what a NO_PACKLIST install leaves behind: an install.json and nothing else
+			name:     "install.json only owns nothing",
+			metadata: CpanDistribution{Dist: "URI-5.35", Modules: []CpanModule{{Name: "URI"}}},
+			expected: []string{},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, tt.metadata.OwnedFiles())
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCpanDistribution_isFileOwner(t *testing.T) {
+	var owner any = CpanDistribution{}
+	_, ok := owner.(FileOwner)
+	require.True(t, ok, "the file-ownership relationship workers only see metadata that satisfies FileOwner")
+
+	// the unpacked-release tier has no packlist, so it deliberately does not
+	var release any = CpanUnpackedRelease{}
+	_, ok = release.(FileOwner)
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+}

syft/pkg/type.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ const (
 	CocoapodsPkg            Type = "pod"
 	ConanPkg                Type = "conan"
 	CondaPkg                Type = "conda"
+	CpanPkg                 Type = "cpan"
 	DartPubPkg              Type = "dart-pub"
 	DebPkg                  Type = "deb"
 	DotnetPkg               Type = "dotnet"
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ var AllPkgs = []Type{
 	CocoapodsPkg,
 	ConanPkg,
 	CondaPkg,
+	CpanPkg,
 	DartPubPkg,
 	DebPkg,
 	DotnetPkg,
@@ -123,6 +125,8 @@ func (t Type) PackageURLType() string {
 		return packageurl.TypeConan
 	case CondaPkg:
 		return packageurl.TypeGeneric
+	case CpanPkg:
+		return packageurl.TypeCpan
 	case DartPubPkg:
 		return packageurl.TypePub
 	case DebPkg:
@@ -224,6 +228,8 @@ func TypeByName(name string) Type {
 		return RustPkg
 	case "conda":
 		return CondaPkg
+	case packageurl.TypeCpan:
+		return CpanPkg
 	case packageurl.TypePub:
 		return DartPubPkg
 	case "dotnet", packageurl.TypeNuget: // "dotnet" is here to support legacy use cases; "nuget" is the canonical purl type

syft/pkg/type_test.go

@@ -125,6 +125,10 @@ func TestTypeFromPURL(t *testing.T) {
 			purl:     "pkg:luarocks/kong@3.7.0",
 			expected: LuaRocksPkg,
 		},
+		{
+			purl:     "pkg:cpan/URI@5.35?author=OALDERS",
+			expected: CpanPkg,
+		},
 		{
 			purl:     "pkg:swift/github.com/apple/swift-numerics/swift-numerics@1.0.2",
 			expected: SwiftPkg,

test/cli/scan_cmd_test.go

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 const (
 	// this is the number of packages that should be found in the image-pkg-coverage fixture image
 	// when analyzed with the squashed scope.
-	coverageImageSquashedPackageCount = 42
+	coverageImageSquashedPackageCount = 43
 )
 
 func TestPackagesCmdFlags(t *testing.T) {

test/install/2_download_release_asset_test.sh

@@ -43,3 +43,9 @@ run_test_case test_download_release_asset "${release}" "linux" "amd64" "deb" "ap
 run_test_case test_download_release_asset "${release}" "linux" "arm64" "tar.gz" "application/gzip"
 run_test_case test_download_release_asset "${release}" "linux" "arm64" "rpm" "application/x-rpm"
 run_test_case test_download_release_asset "${release}" "linux" "arm64" "deb" "application/vnd.debian.binary-package"
+
+# releases before VERIFY_SIGN_BUNDLE_VERSION are signed with a separate .sig and .pem instead of a sigstore bundle,
+# so keep exercising that path against a fixed release
+legacy_release="v1.52.0"
+
+run_test_case test_download_release_asset "${legacy_release}" "linux" "amd64" "tar.gz" "application/gzip"

test/install/4_prep_signature_verification_test.sh

@@ -87,3 +87,61 @@ test_prep_signature_verification() {
 }
 
 run_test_case test_prep_signature_verification
+
+# ensure the verification material is passed through to cosign and the old-cosign hint only shows when warranted
+test_verify_sign() {
+  # verify_sign [checksums-file-path] [verification-material-flags...]
+
+  OG_COSIGN_BINARY=${COSIGN_BINARY}
+
+  tmpdir=$(mktemp -d)
+  args_file="${tmpdir}/args"
+  hint="requires cosign v2.5.0 or newer"
+
+  # stub cosign that records its arguments, then prints STUB_OUTPUT and exits with STUB_EXIT
+  COSIGN_BINARY="${tmpdir}/cosign"
+  cat > "${COSIGN_BINARY}" <<STUB
+#!/bin/sh
+echo "\$@" > "${args_file}"
+echo "\${STUB_OUTPUT}"
+exit "\${STUB_EXIT}"
+STUB
+  chmod +x "${COSIGN_BINARY}"
+
+  identity="--certificate-identity https://github.com/${OWNER}/${REPO}/.github/workflows/release.yaml@refs/heads/main --certificate-oidc-issuer https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com"
+
+  # bundle verification succeeds
+  STUB_OUTPUT="Verified OK" STUB_EXIT=0 verify_sign "checksums.txt" --bundle "checksums.txt.sigstore.json" >/dev/null 2>&1
+  assertEquals "0" "$?" "bundle verification should succeed"
+  assertEquals "verify-blob checksums.txt --bundle checksums.txt.sigstore.json ${identity}" "$(cat "${args_file}")" "unexpected cosign args for bundle"
+
+  # legacy verification succeeds
+  STUB_OUTPUT="Verified OK" STUB_EXIT=0 verify_sign "checksums.txt" --certificate "c.pem" --signature "c.sig" >/dev/null 2>&1
+  assertEquals "0" "$?" "legacy verification should succeed"
+  assertEquals "verify-blob checksums.txt --certificate c.pem --signature c.sig ${identity}" "$(cat "${args_file}")" "unexpected cosign args for legacy"
+
+  # cosign too old to read the bundle: fail with the hint (this is what cosign v2.2.4 through v2.4.1 print)
+  output=$(STUB_OUTPUT="Error: bundle does not contain cert for verification, please provide public key" STUB_EXIT=1 verify_sign "checksums.txt" --bundle "b.json" 2>&1)
+  assertEquals "1" "$?" "old cosign should fail verification"
+  assertContains "${output}" "${hint}" "old cosign should get the version hint"
+
+  # bad signature (e.g. tampered checksums): fail without the hint
+  output=$(STUB_OUTPUT="Error: invalid signature when validating ASN.1 encoded signature" STUB_EXIT=1 verify_sign "checksums.txt" --bundle "b.json" 2>&1)
+  assertEquals "1" "$?" "bad signature should fail verification"
+  assertNotContains "${output}" "${hint}" "bad signature should not get the version hint"
+
+  # unparseable bundle (e.g. a 404 body): fail without the hint
+  output=$(STUB_OUTPUT="Error: invalid character 'N' looking for beginning of value" STUB_EXIT=1 verify_sign "checksums.txt" --bundle "b.json" 2>&1)
+  assertEquals "1" "$?" "unparseable bundle should fail verification"
+  assertNotContains "${output}" "${hint}" "unparseable bundle should not get the version hint"
+
+  # legacy failure never gets the bundle hint, even with the same output
+  output=$(STUB_OUTPUT="Error: bundle does not contain cert for verification, please provide public key" STUB_EXIT=1 verify_sign "checksums.txt" --certificate "c.pem" --signature "c.sig" 2>&1)
+  assertEquals "1" "$?" "legacy failure should fail verification"
+  assertNotContains "${output}" "${hint}" "legacy failure should not get the version hint"
+
+  COSIGN_BINARY=${OG_COSIGN_BINARY}
+  rm -rf -- "${tmpdir}"
+}
+
+run_test_case test_verify_sign

test/install/5_download_asset_failures_test.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+. test_harness.sh
+
+# serve release assets from a local fixture dir instead of the network (a missing file is a failed download)
+http_download() {
+  src="${FIXTURE_DIR}/${2##*/}"
+  [ -f "${src}" ] || return 1
+  cp "${src}" "$1"
+}
+
+# ensure every missing or mismatched piece of a release stops download_asset before anything is installed
+test_download_asset_failures() {
+  # download_asset [release-url-prefix] [download-path] [name] [os] [arch] [version] [format]
+
+  # we are expecting error messages, which is confusing to look at in passing tests... disable logging for now
+  log_set_priority -1
+
+  OG_COSIGN_BINARY=${COSIGN_BINARY}
+
+  tmpdir=$(mktemp -d)
+  FIXTURE_DIR="${tmpdir}/release"
+  dest="${tmpdir}/dest"
+  args_file="${tmpdir}/cosign-args"
+  mkdir -p "${FIXTURE_DIR}" "${dest}"
+
+  # stub cosign that records it was called and always verifies
+  COSIGN_BINARY="${tmpdir}/cosign"
+  printf '#!/bin/sh\necho "$@" > "%s"\n' "${args_file}" > "${COSIGN_BINARY}"
+  chmod +x "${COSIGN_BINARY}"
+
+  asset="syft_1.54.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz"
+  echo "the real asset" > "${FIXTURE_DIR}/${asset}"
+  echo "$(hash_sha256 "${FIXTURE_DIR}/${asset}")  ${asset}" > "${FIXTURE_DIR}/syft_1.54.0_checksums.txt"
+  echo "{}" > "${FIXTURE_DIR}/syft_1.54.0_checksums.txt.sigstore.json"
+
+  run() {
+    rm -rf "${dest:?}"/* "${args_file}"
+    download_asset "https://example.invalid/v1.54.0" "${dest}" "syft" "linux" "amd64" "1.54.0" "tar.gz"
+  }
+
+  # happy path, verified and unverified
+  VERIFY_SIGN=false
+  asset_path=$(run)
+  assertEquals "0" "$?" "complete release should download"
+  assertEquals "${dest}/${asset}" "${asset_path}" "unexpected asset path"
+
+  VERIFY_SIGN=true
+  run >/dev/null
+  assertEquals "0" "$?" "complete release should verify"
+  assertContains "$(cat "${args_file}")" "--bundle ${dest}/syft_1.54.0_checksums.txt.sigstore.json" "bundle should be passed to cosign"
+
+  # missing bundle: fail before cosign is ever called
+  mv "${FIXTURE_DIR}/syft_1.54.0_checksums.txt.sigstore.json" "${tmpdir}/bundle"
+  run >/dev/null
+  assertEquals "1" "$?" "missing bundle should fail"
+  assertFilesDoesNotExist "${args_file}" "cosign should not be called without a bundle"
+  mv "${tmpdir}/bundle" "${FIXTURE_DIR}/syft_1.54.0_checksums.txt.sigstore.json"
+
+  for VERIFY_SIGN in true false; do
+    # asset does not match the checksums file
+    echo "a tampered asset" > "${FIXTURE_DIR}/${asset}"
+    run >/dev/null
+    assertEquals "1" "$?" "checksum mismatch should fail (verify=${VERIFY_SIGN})"
+    echo "the real asset" > "${FIXTURE_DIR}/${asset}"
+
+    # missing asset
+    mv "${FIXTURE_DIR}/${asset}" "${tmpdir}/asset"
+    run >/dev/null
+    assertEquals "1" "$?" "missing asset should fail (verify=${VERIFY_SIGN})"
+    mv "${tmpdir}/asset" "${FIXTURE_DIR}/${asset}"
+
+    # missing checksums file
+    mv "${FIXTURE_DIR}/syft_1.54.0_checksums.txt" "${tmpdir}/checksums"
+    run >/dev/null
+    assertEquals "1" "$?" "missing checksums should fail (verify=${VERIFY_SIGN})"
+    mv "${tmpdir}/checksums" "${FIXTURE_DIR}/syft_1.54.0_checksums.txt"
+  done
+
+  COSIGN_BINARY=${OG_COSIGN_BINARY}
+  rm -rf -- "${tmpdir}"
+
+  log_set_priority 0
+}
+
+run_test_case test_download_asset_failures

test/install/5_release_script_args_test.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+. test_harness.sh
+
+# make certain main defers to the (stubbed) tagged release script regardless of the caller's env
+DOWNLOAD_TAG_INSTALL_SCRIPT=true
+
+get_release_tag() {
+  printf '%s\n' "$3"
+}
+
+prep_signature_verification() {
+  return 0
+}
+
+# the "tagged release script" records each argument it receives, one bracketed arg per line
+http_copy() {
+  cat <<'SCRIPT'
+printf '[%s]\n' "$@" > "$INSTALL_ARG_CAPTURE"
+SCRIPT
+}
+
+test_release_script_receives_original_args() {
+  test_dir=$(mktemp -d)
+  INSTALL_ARG_CAPTURE="${test_dir}/actual"
+  export INSTALL_ARG_CAPTURE
+
+  # note: paths are read here instead of passed to run_test_case, which word-splits its arguments
+  while IFS= read -r install_path; do
+    main -b "${install_path}" -d v0.80.0
+
+    printf '[%s]\n' -b "${install_path}" -d v0.80.0 > "${test_dir}/expected"
+    assertFilesEqual "${test_dir}/expected" "${INSTALL_ARG_CAPTURE}" "args forwarded to the release script should match the original args (path='${install_path}')"
+  done <<'PATHS'
+/tmp/bin with spaces
+/tmp/bin*
+/tmp/it's "quoted"
+PATHS
+
+  rm -rf -- "${test_dir}"
+}
+
+run_test_case test_release_script_receives_original_args

test/install/environments/Dockerfile-alpine-3.6

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 FROM alpine:3.6
 RUN apk update && apk add python3 wget curl unzip make ca-certificates jq
-RUN curl -O -L "https://github.com/sigstore/cosign/releases/latest/download/cosign-linux-amd64" && \
-    mv cosign-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/cosign && \
+# cosign is pinned (and checksum verified) so the install tests always run with a cosign that can verify
+# sigstore bundles (releases >= v1.53.0 need v2.5.0 or newer)
+ARG COSIGN_VERSION=v3.1.3
+ARG COSIGN_SHA256=4629c757b7618056f8ddd7e2625ae9fdd94c0372a65049520bc7d9df9efc7f71
+RUN curl -sSfL -o /usr/local/bin/cosign "https://github.com/sigstore/cosign/releases/download/${COSIGN_VERSION}/cosign-linux-amd64" && \
+    echo "${COSIGN_SHA256}  /usr/local/bin/cosign" | sha256sum -c - && \
     chmod +x /usr/local/bin/cosign

test/install/environments/Dockerfile-busybox-1.36

@@ -5,17 +5,22 @@ RUN apk update && apk add ca-certificates
 # so let docker pull the image that matches the hosts architecture first and then pull the correct asset
 FROM busybox:1.36.1-musl
 
+# cosign is pinned (and checksum verified) so the install tests always run with a cosign that can verify
+# sigstore bundles (releases >= v1.53.0 need v2.5.0 or newer)
+ARG COSIGN_VERSION=v3.1.3
+ARG COSIGN_SHA256_AMD64=4629c757b7618056f8ddd7e2625ae9fdd94c0372a65049520bc7d9df9efc7f71
+ARG COSIGN_SHA256_ARM64=c5d324e091826b0d7a78eb16fef316450b4eb9aaec045611c08ba06f5e73220a
 RUN ARCH=$(uname -m) && \
     if [ "$ARCH" = "x86_64" ]; then \
-        COSIGN_ARCH="amd64"; \
+        COSIGN_ARCH="amd64"; COSIGN_SHA256="${COSIGN_SHA256_AMD64}"; \
     elif [ "$ARCH" = "aarch64" ]; then \
-        COSIGN_ARCH="arm64"; \
+        COSIGN_ARCH="arm64"; COSIGN_SHA256="${COSIGN_SHA256_ARM64}"; \
     else \
         echo "Unsupported architecture: $ARCH" && exit 1; \
     fi && \
-    echo "Downloading cosign for $COSIGN_ARCH" && \
-    wget https://github.com/sigstore/cosign/releases/latest/download/cosign-linux-${COSIGN_ARCH} && \
-    mv cosign-linux-${COSIGN_ARCH} /bin/cosign && \
+    echo "Downloading cosign ${COSIGN_VERSION} for $COSIGN_ARCH" && \
+    wget -O /bin/cosign https://github.com/sigstore/cosign/releases/download/${COSIGN_VERSION}/cosign-linux-${COSIGN_ARCH} && \
+    echo "${COSIGN_SHA256}  /bin/cosign" | sha256sum -c - && \
     chmod +x /bin/cosign
 
 COPY --from=certs /etc/ssl/certs /etc/ssl/certs

test/install/environments/Dockerfile-ubuntu-20.04

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 FROM --platform=linux/amd64 ubuntu:20.04@sha256:33a5cc25d22c45900796a1aca487ad7a7cb09f09ea00b779e3b2026b4fc2faba
 RUN apt update -y && apt install make python3 curl unzip jq -y
-RUN LATEST_VERSION=$(curl https://api.github.com/repos/sigstore/cosign/releases/latest | grep tag_name | cut -d : -f2 | tr -d "v\", ") && \
-    curl -O -L "https://github.com/sigstore/cosign/releases/latest/download/cosign_${LATEST_VERSION}_amd64.deb" && \
-    dpkg -i cosign_${LATEST_VERSION}_amd64.deb
+# cosign is pinned (and checksum verified) so the install tests always run with a cosign that can verify
+# sigstore bundles (releases >= v1.53.0 need v2.5.0 or newer)
+ARG COSIGN_VERSION=v3.1.3
+ARG COSIGN_SHA256=4629c757b7618056f8ddd7e2625ae9fdd94c0372a65049520bc7d9df9efc7f71
+RUN curl -sSfL -o /usr/local/bin/cosign "https://github.com/sigstore/cosign/releases/download/${COSIGN_VERSION}/cosign-linux-amd64" && \
+    echo "${COSIGN_SHA256}  /usr/local/bin/cosign" | sha256sum -c - && \
+    chmod +x /usr/local/bin/cosign

test/install/test_harness.sh

@@ -56,6 +56,31 @@ assertFileExists() {
   fi
 }
 
+assertContains() {
+  haystack=$1
+  needle=$2
+  msg=$3
+  case "$haystack" in
+    *"$needle"*) ;;
+    *)
+      echo "assertContains failed: '$needle' not found in '$haystack' $msg"
+      exit 2
+      ;;
+  esac
+}
+
+assertNotContains() {
+  haystack=$1
+  needle=$2
+  msg=$3
+  case "$haystack" in
+    *"$needle"*)
+      echo "assertNotContains failed: '$needle' found in '$haystack' $msg"
+      exit 2
+      ;;
+  esac
+}
+
 assertFilesEqual() {
   want=$1
   got=$2